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While expensive IR based systems offer
superior performance, the most common sniper/gunshot detection systems
are the acoustic sensors. Advanced systems employ an array of acoustic
detectors (microphones or piezoelectric pressure sensors) which pick
up supersonic shockwaves to give an approximate location of gunfire,
while analysis of sound waves measured from the muzzle blast further
narrow the aiming to point at the source of the gunshot. Such systems
can determine the azimuth, bearing, elevation and sometime, even the
identification of the firing source. Sensor arrays can also fix on the
location of the sniper, enabling rapid and effective counter fire.
While acoustic systems have the benefit of instant 360 degrees
coverage, but have limited range (typically up to 500 meters).
Infrared systems offer limited coverage (typically 120 degrees field
of view) but can detect a gunshot beyond 1,000 meters. An integrated
system promises to offer hemispherical detection capability at
extended distances, well beyond the range of the threat (high power
sniper rifle). (continue...)
Acoustic sensors can be mounted on vehicles, augmenting the
situational awareness of the crew to potential threats. Other acoustic
sensors can also be used for the location of mortar and artillery fire
as well as identify impact points. Acoustic sensors can be deployed in
static locations, such as on rooftops, or at remote field locations,
where they can rapidly fix artillery and mortar positions. By
analyzing the acoustic waves of the passing bullet (Shock Wave) and
the Muzzle Blast of the firing weapon, the acoustic sensor extracts
the bearing, elevation, range and trajectory of the incoming
projectile. A typical acoustic detector is the
Pilar, a small-arms and
sniper location system. Similar systems include
SADS, developed by
RAFAEL and the Boomerang, vehicle mounted acoustic gunshot locator
system, developed by BBN Technologies. These systems display the fire
source on a small LCD or LED display inside the vehicle which enables
the crew to effectively respond and suppress the firing sources. When
fully integrated in patrol vehicles, acoustic systems are directly
controlling remote controlled weapon station to provide rapid
reaction. Such a system is the
Mobile Counter Fire System (MCFS) developed for the US Marine
Corps and Army. For the coverage of large areas, artillery fire
location systems, such as RAFAEL's Artiloc and
BAE System's HALO are used
identifying artillery or mortar sources, as well as IED explosions.
The system can detect hostile firing near to adjacent friendly forces
and identify areas of intensive activities. By detecting the
occurrence of explosions of mortar fires, launching of RPGs or
improvised rockets, sniper attacks and other gunshots, HALO
automatically defines an area assigned with more attention from aerial
and ground surveillance, ambushes and patrols.
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