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    Multipurpose Structure-Power Systems

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    Multifunctional structures will provide attractive benefits for UAVs, with unprecedented weight/power ratios. One approach studied by DARPA for multifunction structures is the monopolar proton exchange membrane fuel cell, which can be shaped into a UAV airfoil skin.

    Monopolar fuel cells differ from bipolar (conventional) fuel cells by having the anodes of multiple cells sharing a common hydrogen filled internal volume as a manifold. The cell’s cathodes are the outer surface, open to the air. Individual cells are interconnected by metal conductive elements, with a single metal grid serving as the current collector and electrode support for the anode of one cell and the cathode of the next cell.

    Fabricated multifunctional structures achieved an active fuel cells area of 85 % of the external surface, with an output of 1 W/gr. or 100mW/cm2). When applied to the skin, wings and antenna of the MAV, the generated power levels could be sufficient to power a MAV. By proper selection of materials, it can be sufficiently strong that no additional reinforcement is required.

    Another feature of this multifunctional structure is the use of an integral metal grid, for effective electromagnetic insulation. Therefore, the structure can be used as an antenna, for communications or as part of a detector payload. Different approaches are used to develop multifunction structure plus power. A constant mass aerodynamic shape structure-battery is being developed based on Telcordia’s PLiONTM battery cells to be used in an AeroVironment’s Black-Widdow MAV. Another approach is studying constant shape autophagous (self consuming) structure fuel, consuming solid fuel elements which provide structural stiffness until they are transformed or consumed for propulsion. Other approaches consider Variform – variable mass structure-power, utilizing inflatable wing structure that collapses in a prescribed manner to maintain aerodynamic function.

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    MAV – Combat Lessons Learned

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    Dragon Eye Miniature Aerial Vehicles were operated in operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) throughout the war, flying mostly over flat, open desert, small towns, and cities and over the edges of Baghdad. Many missions successfully countered windy and sandy conditions. Most flights were unplanned, responding to opportunities and specific tactical requirements. Some missions were planned but not executed due to the rapid operational tempo. The majority of units kept Dragon Eye as a battalion asset with missions tasked by the battalion commander, intelligence officer, or higher command level. Only one unit used Dragon Eye at the company-level. This unit used Dragon Eye the least, as the company commander was too busy with his missions and did not have the staff and specialists to support UAV tasking plans. The most proficient operators for the MAV systems were those with prior intelligence or reconnaissance background, as they had experience in analyzing and reporting what they could see in real time. Dragon Eye units coordinated flights with the battalion air officer or company forward air controller. Coordination included the determination of maximum altitude, keeping to one side of a particular road etc.

    Among the missions flown by Dragon Eyes during OIF were point and area reconnaissance, confirmation of other intelligence sources, survey of city area, before the entry of forces, reconnaissance of bridges and routes, supporting mounted and foot patrols, identification of suspected enemy forces, to eliminate fratricide, battle damage assessment and force protection for convoys. The sensors used proved effective for showing people, vehicles, tanks, APCs and guard posts. However, these sensors could not identify people, except by their actions or tell if they were armed, find what effect friendly artillery had on an enemy position, or classify some vehicle types.

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    Fast Patrol Boats Requirements and Capabilities

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    Since coastal security units have to secure the entire coastlines, an important parameter is the cost and size of the fleet. Long meandering shorelines and islands often offer many hideouts for infiltrators and mask them from radar detection. Effective security of such coastal lines and waterways require constant surveillance, by airborne, coastal radars and electro-optical means, and frequent patrols that can re-visit every area frequently, and at the same time, respond to any alert raised by the surveillance elements, under all visibility and sea conditions. On such missions, patrol boats are required to maintain their positions for over 24 hours, depending on the number of boats and the number of sectors under protection. The boats should be designed with minimal draft, to allow operating at the shallow coastal water, and be less confined by reefs.

    To facilitate endurance, range and sea-keeping capabilities, medium sized boats (+20m) are frequently used while smaller boats are also utilized for shorter missions. Most patrol boats use conventional aluminum hulls, which ensure long service life, simple and maintenance and repair. Several ship constructors are already offering FPBs made of composite materials. Composites are offering attractive weight and construction saving, which directly contribute to lower cost and higher speed but these materials can also be affected form extended exposure to extreme environmental and physical conditions. Some structures, especially those made of glass fibers also absorb water and become heavier over time. Composites promise a great future for faster and lighter patrol boats, but at present, the limited life-cycle experience with composites hulls have so-far limited the acceptance of such boats to few innovators.

    Patrol boats are armed with machine guns, are effective at very short ranges, due to the instability of the platform. Stabilized weapon stations for heavier armament (20-35mm guns) include electro-optical weapons director, they are remotely operated from a dedicated console, which enable the accurate engagement of targets at much longer range, therefore making the weapon effective both for deterrence and engagement of targets. Remote controlled weapons stations such as the Mini Typhoon developed by RAFAEL are now offered for 0.5″and 7.62mm machine guns and grenade launchers, and enable accurate engagement of targets from the protected bridge.

    Equipped with advanced optical and thermal surveillance systems, patrol boats can detect targets at extended range, especially at night. While the target can be faster than the PB, the patrol boat don’t have to outpace its target, but track the target and coordinate the engagement or intercept from a distance, without engaging in a fast chase. They can plan such engagement with interception profile that will enable them to close in faster, and be at the most advantageous position to hit the target, while being protected from incoming fire, if forceful action must be taken. The important factor in such chase is the persistence – the ability of the patrol boat to cruise at maximum speed, and outlast the opponent on long and fast cruises at high sea.

    Since missions are long, it is important that the crew will be able to operate fresh and ready during the entire mission, even at high sea condition, while the opponents, sailing on smaller boats, will suffer much more. The boats also have to be large enough to accommodate, detain and interrogate the crew and passengers of the intercepted target. It should also be capable of towing at least small boats.

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    Fast Patrol Boats Coast Guard Requirements

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    In order to deal with such threats, which became even more threatening after 9/11, law enforcement organizations draw a clear distinction between “outlaws” engaged in illegal fishing, smuggling and illegal immigration, “and “security threats”, which usually include insertion and support of land based activities of guerillas and terrorists, insertion and extraction of intelligence agents and special forces, as well as offensive activities (mining and sabotage of ports and waterways, and attacks on marine and naval units). The distinction is important not only for mission classification, but also to employ different rules of engagement, which dictate different mission profiles, and may require specific characteristics and equipment of the patrol boats, coastal support elements etc. Furthermore, smugglers usually use small, commercial speedboats for the trafficking illegal goods, drugs or passengers. They rarely use firearms when intercepted, and try to outrun the interceptors in the open sea or in rugged coastal area, where heavier patrol boats cannot maneuver freely. These targets can be easily overcome by patrol boats, if they are caught, but since smugglers have access to faster and lighter boats, such interception must be carried out by several boats, that can block the target’s evasion routs. Firearms are rarely used in such incidents.

    Super Dvora Mk III Fast Patrol Boat

    In contrast, terrorists try to disguise their moves as innocent traffic, either fishing, sports or merchant shipping. They pose a serious threat to civilians, as well as strategic targets at sea or near the coastline. They may also target the military assets such as naval vessels or the patrol crafts themselves. These targets should be identified, based on intelligence and other characteristics, as early as possible. In order to prevent terrorists from carrying out operations from the sea, they must be hunted down at long distance from any potential target, including patrol crafts themselves. As the case with every hunting activity, it is important to bring all the advantages to the side of the interceptor – long range detection and identification, at all visibility conditions, situation assessment (is the target armed? How many are on board?).

    Coastal security and counter-terrorist operations differ from conventional coast guard activities, especially in the use-of-force dimension. However, since such activities are performed in a routine and peaceful environment, security forces must be able to employ effective but very precise firepower, in order to avoid casualties and collateral damage. The use of advanced sensors, stabilized weapons, and non-lethal means provide more flexibility levels for security forces, to handle potential targets in most operational conditions.

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    Fast Patrol Boats in Coastal Defense

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    Above: Concept view of the new MRTP 33, a stretched version of the MRTP 29 boat, in service in the Turkish Navy. Below – The Russian Mirage FPB boat. Bottom: Interceptor DV-15 Fast Boats.

    The growing popularity of the use of boats for hobby, leisure and sport, is accelerating the growth of the fast-boat market and the introduction of faster and more advanced vessels. Such boats, when used by outlaws, pose a serious challenge to law enforcement authorities, and, when deployed by terrorists, can pose a serious threat to national security.

    Speed is not always the first priority

    Speed was always a major requirement for naval and coast-guard patrol boats. In recent years, modern Fast Patrol Boats were introduced with cruising capability beyond 50 knots, utilizing various propulsion methods including gas-turbines powered water-jets, hydrofoils, and combined catamaran-air-cushion designs. Hydrofoils offered impressive speeds but lacked in low speed maneuverability and proved to be highly complex platforms, difficult to maintain and operate at the forward operating locations. Other solutions, utilizing a combination of diesels and gas-turbine (CODAG) also offer impressive speed advantages, at the cost of limited endurance. Interception boats, operated by coast guards and customs authorities, usually require higher speeds, while navies engaged in coast guard and counter-insurgency activities (Israel, Sri-Lanka, India, Philippines, Indonesia etc.) have different missions and requirements. Resulting from initial experience with +50 Knots vessels, some navies have reversed their requirements for higher speed, in a more balanced approach favoring improved maneuverability provided by a combination of diesels powered waterjets or Articulating Surface Drives (ASD), advanced sensors and weapons, extended mission endurance. Another military application is the fast attack boat, designed for defensive and offensive operations in littoral (brown) water. The mission of such boats require speed, maneuverability and load carrying capability which are different from the common patrol missions associated with FPBs.

    LIC 2004 – Security Vehicles

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    The pysical security fence is providing the core of the buffer zone security system. This obstacle will be augmented by a wide variety of sensors, weapons and security forces. The Ground Forces Command is preparing the ground work for wide scale deployment of such systems, which will include aerostats, observation towers and UAV patrols. The IDF plans to maintain the buffer zone with the minimum number of units, and will equip them to intervene as rapid response forces, employing all all terrain vehicles, such as Hummer tactical vehicles as well as other wheeled armored vehicles, considered effective for this role. Security forces will be deployed  in small detachments at high risk locations, from where they can will be able to respond quickly to every incident along the fence. Even faster response could be provided by autonomous vehicles, guarding specific sectors of the security zone, holding infiltrators until responding forces arrive. The IDF is using sophisticated tactical simulation of the buffer zone, for the operational planning and doctrine development. Such simulations evaluate different combinations of doctrine, tactics, sensors and response elements and assist in formulating the best, cost effective security measures for each sector.

    RAFAEL has also unveiled the Wolf multi-purpose armored car, designed for patrols and security missions, protected ambulance as well as logistical support transportation for typical LIC combat zones contingencies.

    Two other vehicles shown here were the Armored Tomcar and the new Up Armored HUMVEE mounting an upgraded armour suit designed by Plasan Sasa. IAI/RAMTA displayed two new vehciles, the RAM-2000 and the Explosives Ordnance Disposal Vehicle (EODV), an armored truck fully equipped to operate two EOD robots under LIC combat conditions.

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    Fratricide Preventing Activities in Modern Armies

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    Fratricide Prevention activity: NATO
    A four-nation Combat Identification Working Group (CIWG) has conducted field trials for its International Combat Identification Interoperability program at the Munster based Bundeswehr Armour School but so-far, while system evaluation continues, it is dependent on funding priorities. An even more ambitious program to reduce individual fratricide risk is based on the so-called Joint Expeditionary Digital Information (JEDI) system. This is based on a rugged field palmtop computer, satellite phones and laser binoculars, to pinpoint precise GPS coordinates of foe and friend, and pass the information over satellite phone network to forward control HQ. This equipment, when fielded will allow tactical commanders to track their troop locations during combat, reducing fratricide risk.

    One of the problems encountered during development, was the deactivation of the Iridium satellites system and its replacement with Globalstar communications, which requires new adaptation process, taking valuable time and funding, which could be critical.

    Fratricide Prevention Research – UK
    All British AFV are to be fitted with a continuously emitting “beacon” using an M-band (94GHz) transmitter. The transmission is picked up by “shooter platforms” fitted with high-gain directional receivers. Brits claim low cost and very low power output as main advantages.

    Fratricide Prevention Research – France
    The French Dispositif d’Identification au Combat (DIC) is aSimilar technology to BCIS, French engineers are currently working to ensure interoperability.

    Fratricide Prevention Research – Germany
    The German system (D-Band/1.090 Ghz transponder based) incorporates a laser interrogator which emits coded light pulses generated by solid state, low power eye-safe laser. Friendly platforms are fitted with IR detectors, which generate a D band RF encrypted response, picked up by the interrogating platform’s D-band directional antennae. German scientists claim improved target discrimination and potential compatibility.

    Fratricide Prevention Research – Israel
    The Israel Defense Forces launched several programs to improve the management and tracking of ground forces, both on the low tactical level as well as the theater and operational level. Since the 1956 war the IDF implemented various signage to mark its own forces, and improve coordination between air and ground elements. Currently, activities are focused at improving the identification and coordination between infantry forces operating in urban terrain (MOUT), where recent misshapes and combat losses have demonstrated the urgent need for such capability. Among the systems used are the Combat Identification System (CID) for infantry troops, and Automatic Soldier Tracking System (ASTS) which collects an automatic situational picture of all forces at a certain area. Other efforts are aimed at better allocation of combat zones and improving coordination between neighboring units operated in a small area (such as in MOUT).

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    LIC – 2004 review – Unmanned Systems

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    Various Israeli companies displayed new miniature UAVs developed in response for the IDF requirement for mini UAV for the battalion level and below. IAI displayed a wide range of UAVs, including the SpyThere, Birdy and the new Mosquito micro UAV. These three miniature aerial vehicles were designed by IAI’s aeronautical engineering division, as technology demonstrators for IMOD Research and Development Directorate. RAFAEL also brought its new version of the canister launched Skylark, which recently performed its first flight and TopiVision brought their miniature Casper 200 design.

    Elbit and GFC both demonstrated the Skylark, which was recently procured for GFC testing. Elbit also brought the Hermes 180, a younger and smaller companion for the Hermes 450 which is currently operational with the IDF. Both models of the Hermes are currently in final stage of competition, as part of the Thales team, bidding for the British Watchkeeper program, where thales is competing against Northrop Grumman.

    Larger UAVs at LIC 2004 included the Aerosky, which was operated in support for the IDF by Aeronautics Defense Systems for several years. Also on display were the Searcher, developed and fielded by the IDF and two new UAVs from EMIT – the Sparrow, which is currently in serial production and deliveries to equip one of the Asian Navies, and the Blue Horizon – used by the army of the Philippines.

    Unmanned Ground Systems were also demonstrated by the IDF, which is already operating several types of tele-operated systems for specific missions. The ROEE tele-operated weapon carrier is an operational system, which can apidly deploy firing elements and sensors to positions located at high risk, exposed locations. A different robotic system is the Remote Controlled Tractor (RCT), used for clearing and activating mines and roadside explosive devices in sandy soil, in the securing of roads and axis for movement. The RCT is equipped with a video camera and a plough which is pushed forward of the vehicle, where it can detonate or unearth mines and explosives. The IDF is also evaluating a robotic buried mines locating platform. The lightweight tele-operated system has a low ground pressure, which enables it to move over a minefield. It is equipped with sensors which can accurately locate and mark The buried mines. Other small robots are operated bomb disposal teams.

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    LIC 2004 – Precision Attack

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    IAI displayed a new member of its laser guided weapons family – the FireBall mortar munition, which offers extended range and high precision attack capability for 81mm and 120mm mortar teams. IAI also displayed the  Lahat missile, in a quad launcher version, in both 105mm and 120mm versions. The Spike ER missile was also displayed by the IDF ground forces command, as well as by RAFAEL, in its new network centric Spike C4I version. This integrated Tactical C4I network was developed by RAFAEL to support the tactical operation of anti-tank / precision attack units equipped with the Spike LR/ER missile missile. The system can integrate various sensor platforms including individual sights of the anti-tank weapons, UAVs and other airborne sensors, acoustic sensors and observation posts.

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    LIC – 2004 review – Infantry Weapons

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    Among the infantry systems on show at LIC 2004 were many improvements to existing weapon, and new systems under development in response to GCS requirements. One such system is the Refaim, under advanced development at IMI. The system was originally developed for the IMI Tavor assault rifle but was also modified to become modular and fit on other weapons, such as the Colt M-4.

    The system utilizes International Technologies Lasers (ITL) MPRS infantry fire control system which can fire three different submunitions – an airburst grenade, a CS grenade and an observation grenade. Elbit has demonstrated a sophisticated Sniper Control System, developed by Eyerec, to facilitate the integration and control of accurate sniper fire in the conduct of MOUT operations.

    Utilizing the same components, Eyerec offers simple but effective capability to enable both guns and handguns to be used to fire “around the corner”, while the shooter maintains a safe position behind the obstacle. different system relying on dedicated weapon system is proposed by CornerShot. The system uses a wearable computer for display, or utilizes ITL’s new Situational Orientation System (SOS) commander’s integrated display binoculars for orientation.

    RAFAEL displayed several types of weapon systems designed specifically for MOUT. Two breaching devices, including the Simon door breaching system and Shoulder Launched Wall Breaching Stand-off Munitions, which can be deployed from a tripod or shoulder fired. The system can breach a man size hall in a triple brick wall, from a distance of 20 meters.

    The Personnel Network Radio PNR-500 from Tadiran Communications is designed to provide communications between infantry team members, over a very short range (up-to 800 meters). When such devices are distributed to all the troops of an infantry squad, these sets enable the squad leader to control his teams more effectively and quietly, while facilitating external communications to the company and other external networks.

    Elbit also demonstrated the “Infantry 2000” concept program, currently underway as part of the IDF future concept study. A similar program underway at ITL is studying the various aspects of an infantry combat suite optimized for urban warfare.

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    Powering the Land Warrior

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    Battery power, rather than fire power, is rapidly becoming a major factor in military planning, as the electronics that power modern and future systems are becoming more sophisticated, complex and reliant on portable battery power. As the need for electrical power is growing, so does the total weight of power sources – a growing component of the soldier’s load is the primary and backup power sources for individual systems – communications, navigation, imaging, computation, sensors, etc. The logistics burden of supplying power to the battlefield is also growing and becoming more complex, due to lack of battery standardization and unification. For example, as operation Iraqi Freedom opened, batteries were in very short supply, as troops in the south of Iraq used half of the projected total war requirements in only a few days. Supplies to combatants in the North of Iraq were unavailable. Forward stocks of batteries drained during the first days of the hostilities and the entire supply of the US Army was to be used up in two months, if not replenished under an emergency program. Batteries had to be airlifted from US depots to Iraq and round the clock production of new inventories had to be initiated with six manufacturers worldwide.

    Today’s need for electrical power on the battlefield is high and continues to grow. Unless sources of power evolve with the systems that use them, they will create a logistics and tactical burden for the soldier. Because new power-consuming systems quickly are becoming an integral part of the way the Army plans to fight, better ways must be found to support power requirements. Initiatives have been started to save money on batteries in the long term and to enable combat and materiel developers to reduce expenses early in a product’s life cycle. Power sources must be an important consideration in all future materiel and combat developments. As soldiers expect more out of the equipment they use, they must expect more from their power sources.

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    Precision Guidance Concepts

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    The employment of different types of seekers enables planners to take advantage of environmental or man-made effects, such as the use of electronic deception, various obscurants or difficult weather conditions. This capability was proven during OIF, when a heavy dust storm erupted over Iraq. It was spotted by weather satellites well before it reached the area. The ability to predict its effects and duration were realized by the US operational planners; they shifted more non visual assets including electronic based sensors (SAR/GMTI), such as Joint STARS Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) aircraft, Rivet Joint SIGINT electronic intelligence platform, and the Global Hawk high altitude UAV to continue and track the Iraqi forces. While the Iraqis tried to move their forces to reinforce the Medina Division south of Baghdad their communications and movements were spotted and accurately located by SIGINT and Ground Moving Target Indicator (GMTI) sensors and could be engaged by radar- and GPS-based weapons, such as Longbow, JDAM and other assets which are designed to operate under all weather conditions.

    Precision Strike Guidance Technologies:

    Technology Key features
    Semi Active Laser Homing Very high precision, vulnerable to weather & countermeasures
    Electro-Optical (VIS / IIR) Autonomous, flexible retargeting with datalink
    GPS /IMU Autonomous, all weather
    Scene Matching (EO) Autonomous, pasive
    Terrain Mapping Autonomous
    Active Radar / MMW Radar Autonomous, engagement of selective moving targets engagement, all weather capability
    LADAR Flexible targeting, Autonomous, selective targeting

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    LIC 2004 – Less than lethal weapons

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    Other exhibits focused on the employment of less than lethal weapons. Such systems are developed by IMI, including Stun Cartridges (SC) for 120mm tank guns, which enables tanks to use their main the armament in complex MOUT situations, reducing collateral damage. Other types of grenades presented here were CS rifle grenades which enable infantry to deploy CS at twice the range of existing hand grenades and mortars. Various types of multi-effect CS grenades and “Sprinkler” type CS canisters were also unveiled by Ispra, as part of their arsenal of less than lethal crowd control systems.

    A different concept for a non lethal crowd control was demonstrated by EROD. The company developed an acoustic phased array system which can incapacitate humans from a standoff range, by applying high power acoustic load. The system can be mounted on a tactical vehicle, and radiate a narrow, high power steerable acoustic beam, disorientating humans. The high power is inflicted on the target by coherent superposition of the acoustic outputs from 36 horns. Both horizontal and vertical beams can be formed simultaneously to create a point effect within buildings.

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    LIC 2004 – Homeland Security

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    everal Israeli companies are focusing many efforts at the newly established buffer zone, (erroneously known as the “wall” separating occupied territories controlled by the IDF, as well as some Palestinian Authority managed regions from Israeli territory. Many companies have developed systems for the protection, surveillance and defense of this obstacle. Two are constructing the obstacle system – Magal Security Systems, which already constructed 140 km of the buffer zone in the Northern and Central region, and Elbit Systems, which is currently extending it into a section cordon, around Jerusalem. Magal is currently offering to enhance the basic sensors of the fence with video cameras integrated in every segment. A different concept is the EO passive radar system, promoted by Magna Ltd., developers of a passive radar system, based on stereoscopic video motion detection system. Such systems can effectively provide early warning on suspicious activities within the sterile zone and beyond. Other systems, such as ground surveillance radars can provide similar coverage, even under adverse weather conditions, but at higher cost. A covert, passive device designed to detect human activity is the “Virtual Fence” sensor array, combining acoustic, seismic and IR sensors. This unattended, covert sensor array can detect, locate, and identify human or vehicular activity over a large protected area. Another type of sensor, the Unattended Ground Sensor (UGS), developed by Seraphim is already deployed by the IDF and has recently been tested by the USAF. 

    Elbit has demonstrated a wide variety of systems designed for operation in the buffer zone. These include various long-range observation systems, including the LOROS system, which is widely used in the IDF, the Lotus G thermal observation system, capable of identification of targets at ranges beyond 20km, as well as mobile platforms, such as the Mil-Tomcar rapid response all terrain vehicle, which is fitted with an elevated EO payload and communications equipment, transmitting images to sector command center. Elbit is also proposing the tethered aerostat developed by TopiVision, as a surveillance system which can be pre-positioned at specific points or transported to fill temporary “gaps”. The aerostat was used extensively in several incidents supporting for the Israeli police, and is currently equipped with a stabilized EO payload offering x100 power zoom.

    Several companies are offering dedicated the sensors for the buffer zone. RAFAEL is promoting its proven TACS system, which is already operational along Israel’s Northern border with Lebanon. The system uses a variety of airborne, ground mounted, and unattended sensors to provide a tightly integrated security zone designed to defeat any infiltration through the border or meditarranean coastline.

    IAI Elta is also offering a comprehensive range of surveillance systems, installed on airborne or tethered platforms, mast mounted mobile, or based on observation towers. The sensors comprise of an integrated surveillance system, including EO payload, ground surveillance radar and digital compass.

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