InSitu, Boeing Introduce New ScanEagle Derivatives

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Nov 28, 2008

Boeing, in cooperation with InSitu, the developer of the ScanEagle Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) is developing several derivatives of the basic ScanEagle design, to match specific missions and applications. Two variants unveiled by Boeing at AUVSI 07 were an airborne sensor designed to detect biological hazards and an air-insertable UAV, both based on derivatives of the ScanEagle system. in late 2009 Boeing was awarded a U.S. Navy contract to study the use of a ‘magnetically quiet’ UAV that could be used for tracking submarines.

The standard ScanEagle is operating on Intelligence, Reconnaissance and Surveillance missions, supporting US and Australian forces. It is operated by Boeing under outsourcing contracts awarded by the US Marine Corps and Australian government. In those missions these UAVs have accumulated over 50,000 hours of operational experience operating primarily in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Using the basic ScanEagle aerial vehicle design, Boeing designed a biological combat assessment system (BCAS), to meet requirements defined by the Defense Threat Reduction. Such system will be able to collecting data on biological hazards, to identify and assess hostile threats. The system will employ new technologies to monitor sites suspected of containing weapons of mass destructions targets. When such targets are attacked by friendly forces, the BCAS will attempt to locate, track and collect biological warfare agents released into the air during air strikes. The BCAS system will integrate both ISR and Biological Collection and Detection (BC) versions of ScanEagle. The ISR vehicle will use electro-optical and infrared cameras to observe a strike and resultant plume. This data will be used to create a predictive dispersal model, guiding the BC aircraft to collect samples from the plume of airborne agents. Each BC ScanEagle will mount five modular cartridges and four ‘pass through’ particle collectors, enabling multiple measurements. It will also have a plume sensor to monitor the relevant target. Controlled via satellite link the two UAVs will be able to reach targets over a distance of 250 nautical miles, loiter over the area for 60 minutes.

ScanEagle Compressed Carriage’ (SECC)

Another derivative of the ScanEagle, currently pursued by Boeing is the ‘ScanEagle Compressed Carriage’ (SECC) design. Using air durfaces and fuselage derived from the dominator program and avionics, payloads and controls of the ScanEagle, this vehicle is planned for air insertion or launch from submarines. In air insertion, the vehicle is extracted from the aircraft by a parachute. As the parachute decelerates it to the required altitude and speed, SECC will separate from the parachute, deploy its wings and start the engine to begin the mission. When launched from a submarine, SECC will use a sealed sub-scale container to launch from a Trident missile-launch tube. Once airborne, the container will open, starting the vehicle’s deployment sequence.

SECC utilize many elements derived from ‘Dominator‘, another Boeing program developed by Boeing for the US Air Force Research Lab’s (AFRL) area dominance munition technology program. SECC uses folding flight surfaces, along with container-loaded design optimized for internal carriage by cargo aircraft or for external carriage by fighters, using standard weapon’s carriage mounts. These vehicles could also use the ‘wingtip snag’ for airborne recovery by transport aircraft, tilt-rotors

Multiple SECCs will be able to operate in constellations, controlled by a single ground station on long-range ISR missions, extended pursuit of high-priority, time sensitive targets, active and passive information warfare operations and monitoring and surveillance of areas affected by weapons of mass destruction.

Anti-Submarine ScanEagle

Boeing is working on modifying the Compresses Carriage ScanEagle UAV into an aerial sensor capable of tracking submarines. Working under a U.S. Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division (NAWCAD) contract, Boeing is converting the Scan Eagle’s diesel engine to operate in ‘magnetically silent’ mode, enabling the drone to employ magnetic anomaly detection systems tracking submarines underwater. Boeing considers using the vehicle, configured as the MagEagle Compressed Carriage (MECC) – an Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) designed and built to be magnetically quiet, deployed from the manned P-8A Poseidon maritime patrol aircraft. When deployed, as part of the Poseidon combat system, MECC would provide additional validation of potential targets, enabling the P-8A to simultaneously conduct both low and high altitude anti-surface warfare, anti-submarine warfare and command-and-control intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance missions. Boeing will begin testing the MECC sensor system, vehicle integration and magnetic noise reduction in 2010.

ScanEagle was developed in partnership with Boeing. The system was designed for field operations by land or sea, utilizing the SuperWedge launcher and patented SkyHook retrieval system. The air vehicle has a tubular fuselage, coupled with a large wing (10.2′ wing span) with winglets used as vertical rudders. ScanEagle has an empty weight of 26.5 pounds (12 kg) and maximum takeoff weight of 44 lbs (20 kg). It is designed for cruising speed of 48 kt and operates at a ceiling of 19,500 ft. for missions extending over 20 hours. The UAV uses an inertial stabilized electro-optical turret using visual or infrared cameras. The ScanEagle uses a 1.9 hp two stroke engine running on gasoline. A heavy fuel engine running on JP-5 is in development. This engine will extend mission endurance over 28 hours.

Robotics, UGVs and Remotely controlled systems

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Nov 27, 2008

Only few new robotic platforms were displayed at AUSA 2008, but much progress was reported and displayed with current programs, including the Army’s Future Combat Systems (Micro Aerial Vehicle Class I, Small Unmanned Ground Vehicle (SUGV), and autonomous guidance system, destined for integration in all FCS manned and unmanned vehicles to support autonomy and teleoperation.

A range of enhancements developed for the Dragon Runner was unveiled by QinetiQ, targeting future US Marine Corps requirements while iRobot introduced the SUGV 300 family, transforming the company’s current product line designed toward the future FCS SUGV. Much progress was made with the MULE, a larger member of the FCS robotic team. MULE is currently undergoing ground and mobility tests and is expected to enter operational evaluation with the FCS evaluation force by next year.

The new range of ‘Dragon Runner’ Small Unmanned Ground Vehicle (SUGV). was unveiled at AUSA 2008 by QinetiQ North America. These robots represent a modular ground robot system capable of performing a wide range of missions in urban, mountainous or rural environments, from underground and in-house to the handling of improvised explosive device (IEDs).

iRobot introduced the SUGV300 family of robots derived from the latest development of the Pacbot, earlier known as the ‘Future Combat Systems Small UGV (FCS-UGV). Actually, one of teh members of the new family, the SUGV320 is the robot designated for the future FCS mission (SUGV). Other versions are being produced for near term fielding, as part of the first ‘Spinout’ of the FS program. Among these are the SUGV300 designed as a basic reconnaissance lightweight robot and the SUGV310, designed for dismounted EOD missions. The ‘300 is the basic platform, without payloads, weighing only 25 lbs (11.3 kg). All the SUGV300 family robots fit into the soldier’s backpack (MOLLE) or ALICE packs, and are powered by standard BB-2590/U batteries for more than six hours of operation.

Another robotic component of the FCS to be utilized on all manned and unmanned vehicles, is the Autonomous Navigation System (ANS) developed by General Dynamics Robotics Systems. ANS is one of the basic components to be integrated in many Future Combat Systems autonomous and optionally autonomous driven vehicles. The system is currently being integrated and tested. During these tests the ANS team demonstrated that the system has matured enough to be ready for integration into tactical trucks and Stryker combat vehicles.

Another robotic member of the FCS family is the MULE, being developed by Lockheed Martin. The latest version of the ULE was on display at AUSA, demonstrating its new wheels, utilizing springs made of composite materials, instead of inflatable tires. These wheels are less vulnerable to small-arms and fragments hits, and can operate continuously without replacement or maintenance even after suffering severe damage or hits.

A near term alternative to the futuristic MULE was unveiled here by the name ‘Gideon’, by the Israeli company MDT. This armored version of a 6×6 Polaris ATV s modified by MDT Armor to provide a protected logistical support vehicle supporting forward elements. The vehicle cab is protected against small-arms up to 7.62 AP. The vehicle is suitable for carrying heavy or otherwise sensitive load (such as missiles, ammunition or sensitive electronic equipment. On the return trip the vehicle could be configured to carry two wounded soldiers on litters.

Among the new versions of the Pacbot 510, I-Robot displayed an application of the head-aimed remote viewer (HARV) developed by Chatten Associates. By duplicating the operator’s head motions this control mechanism increases the UGV operator’s performance by 300-400% demonstrated in tested conducted under DARA and the Army Research Labs studies. The system comprises of a visor embedded with an OLED display and an electronics and power unit. The system can utilize the vehicle’s existing communications link.

Northrop Grumman displayed the STARLite compact, synthetic aperture radar latest at AUSA 2008. (picture in right) The radar is destined for the Army’s Firescout Class IV UAV. Considered as a complimentary sensor to the U.S. Army Future Combat Systems program, STARLite features an electronically scanned array design providing an optimal balance of operational and cost effectiveness by blending electronic scanning with mechanical array positioning.

The new radar will provide precision ground mapping and indicate moving targets on surveillance and target acquisition missions. Sofar the program focused on the technical issues associated with transition to production, said U.S. Army Lt. Colonel Terrance Howard, product manager for the STARLite program. He confirmed that Northrop Grumman, the prime contractor successfully demonstrated the system during the source selection phase and that the program is on schedule to qualify the system by early 2009. The goal is to deliver 15 units to the warfighter by June 2009. In April 2008 Northrop Grumman was awarded a $47 development contract to manufacture these systems.

In many parts of the world, foliage is one of the most effective concealment resources available to military or terrorist forces. Thales is offering a solution to the problem of detecting and distinguishing threats hiding in a forested or jungle area or along forest paths, behind tree canopies. The Ground Alerter 1 non-line-of-sight UHF ground-based short range radar is designed to improve perimeter and border protection in densely forested terrains terrain. The radar uses a static portable antenna, mounted on a tripod, or a fixed, mast-mounted unit built on a roof. The radar continuously and automatically monitors the covered area, at ranges from 150 to 1,200 meters and will alert the operator of the presence of an intruder with minimal operator intervention and low false-alarm rate. The radar can be integrated with other sensors to complement existing security systems.

SRI’s wall-climbing robots scale vertical surfaces by virtue of electro-adhesion, which involves inducing electrostatic charges on a wall substrate. Since 2007 SRI developed several proof of principle robots, under a DARPA funded program.

Another new on display at AUSA 2008 was QuickMeds (picture below) – a precision delivery system designed for emergency situations where traditional supply methods might place additional soldiers at risk. Under the US Army Aviation & Missile Research, Development and Engineering Center (AMRDEC) Quick-MEDS program Dynetics is developing a multi-purpose GPS/INS based guided delivery system. The current design is sized for tactical UAS with 20 lbs total weight per pod (10 lbs payload). The QM payload is scalable and in phase 2 design is compatible with standard 14″ lug mechanisms for deployment from larger aircraft (both manned and unmanned). During the guided drops performed sofar Quick-MEDS successfully demonstrated effective guidance and control guiding the payload within 2 meters from its designated target and a total system error of less than 10 meters throughout the tests.

Other articles covering robotic systems at AUSA 2008 include:

Autonomous Navigation System

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Nov 27, 2008

ans — The Autonomous Navigation System developed for the FCS vehicular platforms by General Dynamics

Turning Combat Vehicles into Autonomous Mobile Platforms

General Dynamics Robotics Systems’ Autonomous Navigation System (ANS) is one of the basic components to be integrated in many Future Combat Systems autonomous and optionally autonomous driven vehicles. The system is currently being integrated and tested. During these tests the ANS team demonstrated that the system has matured enough to be ready for integration into tactical trucks and Stryker combat vehicles.

ans — The Autonomous Navigation System developed for the FCS vehicular platforms by General Dynamics

This new technology will enhance the mobility and combat effectiveness of future manned and unmanned vehicles, providing better situational awareness and survivability. For the manned vehicles, ANS will provide an additional sensor enabling the crew to exercise multiple levels of control over combat and logistics vehicles, from remote tele-operation to full autonomy.

The ANS is an intelligent system integrates a number of sensors providing 360 degrees coverage, imaging and data processing tools, collision avoidance capabilities, path planning, situational awareness and leader/follower technologies. The systems command and control features improve communications and cooperation with other units, reducing the workload in managing complex task such as convoy and movement of tactical formations. Eventually, the system will enable the deployment of entirely unmanned elements of convoys, requiring fewer troops, enabling crew rest and support longer duration missions with larger payloads.

Wall Crawling Robot to Traverse Walls, Snooping Through Windows

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Nov 27, 2008

SRI Engineers demonstrate electro-adhesive crawling
propulsion that lifts up to 75 pounds over verical walls

SRI’s wall-climbing robots scale vertical surfaces by virtue of electro-adhesion, which involves inducing electrostatic charges on a wall substrate. Since 2007 SRI developed several proof of principle robots, under a DARPA funded program.

These robots demonstrated robust clamping to common building materials including glass, wood, metal and concrete, with clamping pressure in the range of 0.5 to 1.5 N/Cm2 of clamp (0.8 to 2.3 pounds per Square inch).

According to Harsha Prahlad, Senior Research Engineer at SRI’s robotics group, robots developed under the program vary in weight, from small platforms weighing few pounds, as demonstrated at the exposition to heavier robots weighing up to 75 pounds.

Examples for potential military applications for such technology include reconnaissance of buildings and autonomous self-deployment of communications repeaters and network nodes, operated in urban environment.

Lethal Presence – Remotely Controlled Sentries Assume Guard Roles

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Nov 27, 2008

While the US Army and Marine Corps have ordered the CROWS and CROWS II remote weapon stations for their armored fighting vehicles, patrol vehicles such as the MRAP and HMMWVs are commonly equipped with much heavier, tall and more vulnerable Gunner Protection Kit (GPK). While common with US forces, GPK hasn’t become popular with other NATO armies, where RWS systems are favored. Most European armies are adopting versions of the RWS Protector made by Kongsberg Defense or the Samson, designed by Rafael and produced locally by several European manufacturers.

Palletized Weapon Station
Remotely operated weapons (seen on the picture at right) are becoming popular not only on vehicular platforms, but in stationary positions, where they are used as integrated sentries, offering both observation and target engagement by direct fire. One such example is the Super Sanger, supporting British forces in Afghanistan.

A modular concept of Remotely Operated Weapon was introduced by ATK at AUSA 2008. The system utilizes the Palletized Autonomous Weapon System (PAWS) – a self-contained autonomous armament package scalable for specific mission requirements. The system employs an ‘off the shelf’ weapon station (ATK demonstrated the system with the Raven 400 model), mounting different types of small and medium caliber cannons, particularly ATK’s series of automatic cannons. The PAWS is designed for simple roll-on/roll-off deployment. Within 10 minutes the system can be unpacked, dismounted from the carrier platform and placed in position and become ‘ready to fire’ by remote control. Several PAWS systems can be networked together to enhance coverage, versatility and sensor/weapon interoperability. PAWS can be deployed on ground positions, vehicles, boats, aircraft and helicopters. The system can be configured to run on batteries located on-board or by external power source. The ammunition is also fed from on-board containers.

Sentry-Tech Protecting Hot Borders
A typical example of networked remotely operated weapon system developed by Rafael for the Israeli Army is already operational along the Gaza border. Deployed on pillbox towers along the border fens ‘Sentry-Tech’ weapon stations mounting machine guns are guarding this hot border line. The systems’ role was described as ‘instrumental’ in the Israeli effort to eliminate Palestinians Hamas operatives from approaching the border, laying ambushes, mines and improvised explosives (IEDs) and target Israeli border patrols. Sentry-Tech units are remotely operated from the operational command center by observers that are routinely monitoring the border line. Targets detection is handled as usual, by the different ground and airborne observations. As targets are detected and within range of Sentry-Tech positions, the weapons are slewing toward the designated target. As multiple stations can be operated by a single operator, one or more units can be used to engage the target most effectively. If the target is valid and situation meets the rules of engagement, the firing the weapon is approved.

This process took too long in the past, as different forces in different locations, services and domains had to be integrated ad-hoc. With the new system all the process takes place in a single room, enabling an almost immediate response while maintaining strict control and authority of the entire process.

Before deploying the remotely operated weapons observers played a supportive role, with limited effect. While they could effectively detect, locate and track suspected targets, handoff of such targets to the ‘shooters’ proved too lengthy and complex, a process that frequently eliminated the chance to act, as the target disappeared or changing situation would risk unacceptable collateral damage. Absent of weapon capability.

Enabling observers to employ synchronized firepower transformed the observation post into an integrated ‘sensor-and-shooter’ platform – capable of assuming some of the risky tasks previously done by rapid reaction forces and aerial attack platforms.

The first prototype Sentry-Tech system was tested in 2004. After a successful evaluation, Rafael was contracted to build multiple systems to equip the Gaza border line. Sentry-Tech utilizes Rafael’s Mini-Samson weapon station installed in fixed installation in Pillboxes or relocateable tower systems. Each unit mounts a 7,62 or 0.5″ machine gun, shielded from enemy fire and the elements by an environmentally protective bulletproof canopy. The system is primarily operated by remote control but can also be operated manually when required. The system mounts the observation equipment and communications link to the sector’s operations command center. Sentry-Tech empowers the observers with precision attack lethality, dramatically increases their ability to close kill chains, engaging targets immediately as they are exposed. In addition to the use of direct fire machine guns, observers can also employ precision guided missiles, such as Spike LR optically guided missiles and Lahat laser guided weapons.

MILCOM 2008 Review

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Nov 25, 2008

MILCOM has established itself as the premier international conference for military communications, attracting decision-makers from government, military, academia, and industry. This year, the 27th MILCOM event was held in San Diego 17-19 November 2009.

Established in 1981, MILCOM has become the premiere military and government communications conference attracting more than 5,000 participants, including representatives from more than 30 countries. The conference comprises classified and unclassified presentations, discussion panels and tutorials by leading authorities and technical experts in the areas of military, intelligence and homeland security communications. In addition to the technical program, the Milcom 2008 exhibition provided a showcase for over 400 exhibitors from the U.S.A and abroad, including companies, universities, suppliers and others.

Additional articles covered in this review:

Situational Awareness System (SAS)

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Nov 24, 2008

Situational Awareness System (SAS) is developed and produced by Rheinmetall Defense. It is provided in modular elements, each covering a 180 degree field of view with a vertical arc covering 60 degrees. The system generates a complete situational picture covering 360 degrees with high resolution cameras (operating ‘mega pixel’ type sensors).

Among the features offered by SAS is the capability to blend images as ‘picture in picture’ viewing, displaying selected areas of interest while maintaining coverage and target tracking over the entire circle around the vehicle. The company offers an optional use of uncooled thermal cameras replacing the color video sensors, as well as optional recording, and interfaces with the vehicle fire control system and with the unit’s command and control system. The system enables the crew to monitor the vehicle’s surrounding, detect movement in its vicinity and track potential targets on the system’s main screen. SAS can hand over target directions to on-board weapon stations and the SKWA-360 rotatable countermeasure pedestal, releasing grenades, CS or smoke countermeasures. Another sector-covering systems are the Rosy, firing non lethal 40 mm ammunition such as teargas and rubber-bullets.

Hand Held Thermal Binoculars

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Nov 23, 2008

Lightweight, compact and lean, hand held thermal imagers from different makers are offering better situational understanding and control and improved target acquisition even under impaired visibility conditions

Highly sensitive, low power consuming thermal and low-light imaging sensors employed in lightweight, hand held optronic imaging systems used by commanders, forward observers, fire controllers and recon teams, facilitating better situational understanding, target location, coordination and control. These lightweight and compact hand held imagers combine several types of sensors, including cooled or uncooled thermal, video imagers for daylight or low-light level conditions, laser rangefinders, target marker or laser pointers. Additional equipment includes GPS, integrated map display and communications interfaces. Combined with miniature or lightweight laser designators, such devices are transformed into a ‘trigger’ employing remotely fired laser guided munitions.

Hand held thermal imagers from different makers were displayed at AUSA 2008. Systems included the MilCam series from FLIR Systems, Opus H from Carl Zeiss Optronics, the Moskito from Vectoronix and various systems made by Northrop Grumman and Elbit Systems, currently employed by the US Army and Marine Corps.

Flir Systems MilCam
FLIR Systems displayed the MilCAM series Recon III handheld thermal binoculars, providing situational awareness, assisting the tasks of targeting and surveillance. The company introduced two new Recon III models. The Ultra-light version weighs only 5 pounds (2.3 kg) and uses a large format (640×480) long wave VOx Microbolometer with new automatic digital image processor. It is powered by two Lithium D cells sustaining up to four fours of operation. Enhancing target discrimination in daylight operations, the new and compact Recon III Lite thermal binocular combines the same sensor used in the Ultralite model with high resolution (768×494) color video camera. Both sensors are fitted with x4 continuous zoom and can be presented on the system’s integral OLED display in a full screen or split screen format. This version can also accommodate an optional laser pointer and additional memory to store up to 100 JPEG images, or download images to an external device via a USB connection. The ‘Nebula’ thermal binocular sight displayed at AUSA 2008 by the US Army Rapid Equipping Force was shipped to the US Forces in Afghanistan, to meet an urgent operational requirement for improving night performance.

Opus H From Carl Zeiss Optronics
Carl Zeiss Optronics displayed its laser target localization systems called Opus H. The new device employs a direct view optical channel with x7 magnification (saving power operating in daylight) and an uncooled IR channel, laser rangefinder and digital camera. It has integral digital compass and GPS. Opus H weighs about 2.9 kg without batteries. It is powered by 8 AA batteries sustaining 3.5 hours of operation.

PAS-22/PAS-25 from Elbit Systems
Elbit Systems displayed the PAS-22 Long Range Thermal Imager (LRTI) recently selected and delivered to the US Marine Corps. This device was developed for use by dismounted infantry, scouts and special forces, for surveillance and target acquisition. It can also be used as a night-sight for medium range weapon systems. Weighing about five pounds, this multi-sensor thermal binocular uses a cooled 320×256 InSb focal plane array sensor providing optimal range/sensitivity performance. The system supports two fields of view for situational awareness and target identification. The system has an optional magnetic fluxgate compass and GPS to provide target location information.

As enhanced version is the AN/PAS-25 Thermal Laser Spot Imager, the high performance, hand held thermal sight is designed with laser spot tracking capability. This system can monitor the aim point of a laser designator beam, or laser rangefinder ‘spot’, assisting target identification.

A new device recently added to the family is the Medium Range Thermal Binocular (MRTB), employing a high performance uncooled Long Wave InfraRed (LWIR) thermal sensor. Coupled with x3 optical zoom designed for narrow-field of view, MRTB offers better range performance, compared with systems relying on electronic zoom. The new binoculars weigh only 3.75 pounds (1.7kg) and are integrated with laser pointer, magnetic flux compass and an optional IR pointer see-spot day camera, facilitating day and night operations.

MARS from Elbit Systems
Another system called MARS is being developed by Elbit Systems and has recently won a large order from the Israel Defense Forces. MARS is a hand held thermal imager developed specifically to address the infantry’s requirements defined by the IDF ground forces command. The system integrates an uncooled thermal sensor, day channel, laser rangefinder, GPS, compass and integral recording system. Designed for Special Forces, infantry leaders and commanders, MARS maintains light weight and low power consumption for sustained dismounted operation.

Vectronix Introduce the Moskito
The Swiss company Vectoronix is introducing the Long Range Thermal Video(LRTV) system. At a gross weight of 7.4 pounds, the system consists of a cooled thermal imager and color video camera as primary sensors, coupled with an integrated laser rangefinder, digital magnetic compass, GPS and laser pointer. LRTV also includes PLGR/DAGR interface to integrate into target acquisition systems. Its operational range is about 5 km. The company also provides three popular laser rangefinders – the hand held Vector, a 3.75 lbs system capable of ranging targets up to 20 km, the smaller, compact, night-capable Moskito, designed for lower weight (2.65 lbs) and similar short-range performance. The Moskito can range a standard NATO target at a distance of 4 km, while a distance to a man-sized target is determined at maximum range of 2 kilometers, similar to the much powerful Vector type rangefinders. An even smaller ranger is the pocket-size PLRF, weighing only 1.4 lbs and capable of ranging man-sized targets at distances of about one kilometer.

Northrop Grumman LLDR
Northrop Grumman has recently received a $128 million contract to provide the Lightweight Laser Designators Rangefinders (LLDR) systems to the U.S. Army. The systems are designed for day and night operations and are providing essential precision fire direction to forward air controllers and forward artillery observers. Fielding of more LLDRs is required to meet the growing share of precision targeted weapons in the battlefield. With the system, forward observers can recognize targets, find the range to a target with the laser rangefinder, and calculate the grid coordinates with built-in GPS, elevation and azimuth capability. Utilizing the target designator element, the system can also be used to guide laser-homing weapons for high precision attack.

Sniper Location & Gunshot Detection Systems

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Nov 23, 2008

Snipers have become the second greatest cause of fatalities in combat in Iraq and Afghanistan. Troops are often most vulnerable in stationary environments, such as when on perimeter or a Forward Operation Base (FOB). Until recently, sniper detection and location systems were employed primarily on vehicular and static installations, when manning guard towers, or out at mobile checkpoints. However, the latest trend in acoustic gunshot detection are the man portable, or wearable systems, introduced at this year’s AUSA 2008 event.

Two versions of gunshot locators were discussed at the AUSA event. Both are being addressed by the US military, in an attempt to improve response effectiveness and reduce vulnerability to attacks by sniper and small arms ambushes. Gunshot locators also improve the warfighter’s situational understanding in emergency situations, particularly when responding to ambush situations.

The Boomerang acoustic shooter detection system was developed by BBN to provide warning over sniper threats. Today, over 1,000 Boomerang systems are operational worldwide and procurement of 8,000 additional systems is currently underway. Initially, the system was installed on vehicles, but the most recent enhancements, a static installation kit and portable system, complements the Boomerang to cover more modes of operation.

Boomerang automatically provides immediate indication of hostile fire or sniper attacks and localizes the shooter’s position, allowing rapid, informed and coordinated response. The system can be installed on an individual vehicle (manned or unmanned), at a checkpoint, or be scaled up for full perimeter security of a forward operating base. The ability to identify insurgent firing locations quickly eliminates random patrol deployments and exposure to unknown hostile fire.

The static installation kit is contained in a man-portable package, providing rapid installation in temporary or fixed sites. It is equipped with interfacing, to enable interoperability with remote weapon stations and EO/IR sensors currently fielded in theater. Furthermore, several Boomerang sensors can be integrated and networked, to provide better and more precise coverage of fixed sites. Gunshot alerts can be integrated and presented into situational awareness pictures, such as the Blue Force Tracking or FBCB2.

A parallel development known as “Warfighter Wearable Gunshot & Sniper Detection” is currently pursued. QinetiQ North America is maturing under a $10 million order, awarded by the U.S. Army Rapid Equipping Force (REF). QinetiQ announced the system (known as EARS) at the AUSA Winter event this year, which has now been endorsed by the U.S. Army and is expected to be deployed with U.S. warfighters in Iraq and Afghanistan this year.

The deployment of the systems is expected to be completed by early 2009. The one pound wearable EARS Gunshot Localization System employs the EARS-150 palm-sized 6.4 ounce ‘Man-Mounted’ sensor, placed on the soldier’s shoulder. A single sensor covers 360 degrees and will accurately locate snipers within less than a second, after firing a single shot, when the soldier is standing, walking or moving in a vehicle.

BBN Technologies recently announced receiving an award of $3.5 million from the U.S. Army to develop an even more compact soldier wearable shooter detection system, in partnership with the U.S. Army Natik Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center. The wearable system will operate in ‘stand-alone’ and networked environments, providing individual soldiers with immediate awareness of hostile fire locations. Networked systems are providing unit leaders with the situational awareness needed to coordinate response to hostile fire. The Boomerang Warrior-wearable shooter detection system uses acoustic sensors embedded in the soldier’s shoulder pads, earpiece providing audible warning announcement and wrist wearable display presenting the threat’s relative direction, distance and elevation. The soldier’s position and hand movements are compensated by the display to provide consistent, accurate bearing to the target.

Acoustic processing is not the only solution for gunshot detection. Gunshot signature can be identified, located and processed even faster using eletcro-optical means. Two Israeli systems are providing such capabilities – Rafael’s Spotlite M and IAI/Elta’s Short-Wave Infrared (SWIR) are sensors-based and a Transient Event Detection (TED) system, developed by a new subsidiary called OptigO. They are designed to cover a wide area, triggering a instant alarm and threat location when a single shot is fired.

See-Through Armor – Combat Situation Understanding & Response

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Nov 23, 2008

When operating enclosed in armored vehicular platforms, such systems provide essential situational display in a conveniently ‘see through armor’ functionality.

One of the pioneers in this field is the Israeli company Elbit Systems, which displayed at AUSA 2008 an integrated family of products supporting combat from enclosed armored vehicles, encompassing sensors, distributed displays, integrated mounted and dismounted warfighter connectivity, vehicular mounted remotely operated weapon stations and autonomous platforms, all contributing to a common operating picture, supporting the operational and tactical unit level.

A different approach was presented by the Sarnoff Corporation, developing the ‘Combat Vehicle Vision’ approach, harnessing C4ISR technology, enabling real-time situational awareness, understanding and response. Sarnoff’s systems incorporate advanced day/night imaging sensors, video processing and image fusion, to improve threat detection. The system is designed in two versions for open and closed vehicle configuration. The open vehicle model is designed for tactical vehicles such as the HMMWV or MRAP, where relatively large windows allow the crew to monitor the surrounding area.

Sarnoff’s Computer Vision Assisted Combat Capability (CVAC2) system provides day/night visibility, automatic video threat detection and alerts and high resolution imaging and reconnaissance. The system can also be integrated with the Boomerang acoustic gunshot detector, to support real time information sharing, integration and control of aimable sensors, weapon systems. Providing a 360 degree situational awareness and understanding, a mast-mounted CVAC2 sensor pack includes a thermal LWIR) imager, day-night zoom camera mounted on a pan-tilt platform. CVAC2 can also be utilized in a tripod-mounted configuration, to protect installations, or in support of dismounted operations. The display combines panoramic, fused video display, fed by multiple imaging sensors, superimposed with cues from acoustic gunshot detection and motion or loitering sensors and geo-registered operational and intelligence annotations. The company also offers a Fused Vision System for the driver, enhancing visibility by combining images from Long Wavelength infrared (LWIR) and visible video imagery in real time to improve the drivers’ all-weather, day and night visibility. Automatic video enhancement processed on the image in real time contributes to extend the sensors’ dynamic range and depth of field.

Systems employed in a closed vehicle environment, rely on Distributed Aperture System (DAS) to deliver advanced vision capability, situational awareness. The system provides 360 deg. ‘see through’ turret, supporting separate displays for the driver, commander and crew members, empowering operators to benefit from some of the system’s sophisticated features. These include moving target indicators (MTI), estimation of threats, each reported with range and other threat attacks. The system employs integral data recorder for rapid retrieval of recorded segments.

Omniscape from DRS
DRS displayed a range of enhancements for its vehicular EO systems, including the well established Drivers Vision Enhancer (DVE), offered with improved situational awareness, facilitating safe driving under all lighting conditions. Based on an uncooled FLIR, this viewer enables the driver to spot potential obstacles, as well as IEDs and various ambush situations well in advance, during day and night. Added to create panoramic situational picture of the area surrounding the vehicle, additional thermal cameras operating at wide angles were also displayed on the DRS’s vehicle. The five cameras (a pair for each side and a rear camera) were feeding video streams to the Omniscape video and data multiplexing distribution system, capable of handling up to 21 standard video feeds and four output display formats. Each soldier can monitor the display configured with four windows, explore a single feed with superimposed vehicle data or view two images in a ‘picture in picture’ style.

WideEye II: (FLIR Systems Vehicle Vision Systems VVES-FADS)
WideEye II ultra-wide field of view vehicle camera offers continuous security coverage superior to pan/tilt configurations. Two WideEye II cameras provide 360 degrees viewing, covering the vehicle’s entire perimeter. Its broad scene coverage can be used to cue a long range sensor, such as the weapon station’s optronic payload, to areas where motion is detected. According to the manufacturer, the system detects human intruders and threats at a distance of 500 meters, in daylight and in total darkness, through fog, smoke and most obscurants. The unit connects to the video monitoring system through standard Ethernet cabling.

Miniature Stabilized Sight (MSS)
Carl Zeiss introduced the Miniature Stabilized Sight (MSS) designed for installation on armored vehicles, particularly for close combat observation in urban terrain, or in asymmetric warfare scenarios. The camera’s pointing ability improves coverage under challenging situations, including very high elevations (urban canyons) or deployment in defilade positions, where static cameras (typically having 45 degrees in elevation) do not provide effective coverage. Typically four cameras will provide full panoramic coverage of the vehicle, operating when stationary or on the move. These sensors are providing autonomous situational awareness and can be enhanced with automatic tracking capability, to aid tracking of potential threats or targets, while on the move. Each MSS weighs about 5 kg, and can fit a combination of two sensors including daylight TV, uncooled thermal imager and laser rangefinder.

Spyder Nano from GE Fanuc
GE Fanuc introduced the vehicle-mounted ‘Spyder nano’, mast mounted passive situational awareness and surveillance system, comprising video/IR camera and ten fixed imagers, either daylight TV or uncooled IR (or both), providing full 360 degree coverage in addition to the main surveillance sensor equipped with x36 zoom. The system is controlled from a mounted or field portable console, utilizing an innovative and intuitive user interface providing integral panoramic and narrow-field of view displays.

OmniAlert360 from Remote Reality
Remote Reality Corp. returned to AUSA, this time, as part of the Raytheon display. According to company officials, the two companies are cooperating in areas, such as image tracking, correlation between targets spotted on the panoramic view, relaying them to other sensors and systems. Providing better interpretation of a situational picture at close range. Remote Reality displayed new optics utilized with the 360 degree camera, that support sensors either in the visible or IR range. Tested as part of the FCS program the continuous 360 degree camera proved to be superior to products produced by ‘stitched images’, primarily during dynamic high speed off-road travel.

Army Deploys 300th RAID Tower, Supporting Forward Base Protection by Persistent Surveillance and Dissemination System PSDS2

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Nov 23, 2008

Over 300 Rapid Aerostat Initial Deployment (RAID) towers and over 60 ‘blimp’ systems have been deployed as part of the Persistent Surveillance and Dissemination Systems (PSDS2) currently fielded in Iraq and Afghanistan, safeguarding forward operating bases (FOB), improving surveillance in day and night and accelerating response to evolving threats.

The innovative Rapid Aerostat Initial Deployment (RAID) system employed a variety of sensors tethered from an aerostat, and later evolving to other platforms, including fixed towers and relocated masts. These systems are widely used for the protection of forward operating bases (FOB) in Iraq and Afghanistan. Since its initial deployment in Afghanistan in 2003, over 60 systems have been deployed.

The system uses a 17 meter aerostat carrying a payload with a total weight of 200 pounds at an elevation of about 1,000 feet. Larger (32, 38 meter) aerostat configurations are currently in development to support heavier payloads of up to 1,000 pounds, elevated to altitudes of 2,500 feet. RAID systems are also employed on towers elevating to 107 feet in height.

The tower version uses a 80 foot and 107 foot towers. The US Marine Corps deploys the system designated Ground-Based Operational Surveillance System (G-BOSS) employing two cameras, a radar and a radio link to a remote ground station. The Amry’s Base Expeditionary Targeting and Surveillance Systems – Combined (BETSS-C) uses a single camera.

RAID generally utilizes EO/IR sensors, radars, flash and acoustic gunshot detectors, to provide persistent, panoramic surveillance of the covered area, providing timely warning of potential threats and other events valued for intelligence purposes. The main sensor is an EO/IR payload, carrying a laser rangefinder, designator and target marker. In some configurations, radar, RF signal interceptors or gunshot detectors are employed, providing a primary scanning sensor pointing the EO/IR payload to points of interest, where movement or suspicious actions are detected. Other sensors can cue the RAID as well, including counter mortar radars such as the LCMR, which detects mortar attacks and can cue the RAID in seconds.

RAID sensor data is fed through standard radio links (SINCGARS and EPLRS) to the RAID ground control system, also known as Persistent Surveillance and Dissemination System (PSDS2) and Enhanced Tactical Automated Security System (eTASS).

RAID systems provide essential situational awareness necessary for improved security and daily operations in and around the FOB. For example, convoy leaders check with RAID operators for ‘road clear’ indication before leaving the FOB.

RAID towers and aerostats are being deployed as part of the Persistent Surveillance and Dissemination Systems (PSDS2) currently fielded in Iraq and Afghanistan. Basically, each sensor is monitored by a payload operator, but in locations controlling several sensors, more advanced systems are required. When connected to Army Battle Command Systems (ABCS), the system can display a comprehensive operational picture, depicting all participating friendly forces locations, and supporting such forces with live streaming video being broadcast on the military intranet, as events unfold. Such service provides quick-reaction forces and first responders at an event scene with live perspective on the operational area. Streaming video is automatically compressed to fit the capacity of each user’s communication links.

PSDS2 uses an advanced efficient and intuitive interface to support operator’s multi-tasking and focus. The visualization tools used enable the presentation of multiple video feeds as thumbnails, or ortho-rectified ‘footprints’ superimposed on a terrain map or satellite image, clearly depicting the sensor coverage and orientation. 3D terrain features and building models are also displayed to improve orientation. This, ‘in-context’ perspective view, shows the scene from any desirable viewing angle or elevation, to optimize the employment of sensors such as UAVs, ground observations.

At AUSA 08 Raytheon displayed a typical payload control display employing such sensors. The display supports multiple video feeds displayed as ‘thumbnails’. The operator monitors the area under surveillance on a 3D situational map display, employing the Terrasight interactive 3D map, and video integration tool developed by Sarnoff, presenting the video in a dynamic, ‘footprint’ over the 3D map. The information displayed by the system provides realistic assessment of the locations, dead zones and visibility of potential targets, as they travel behind land curves, buildings etc.

Different PSDS2 systems can share information and images with each other and when there is overlapping sensor coverage, one system can backup another. Task forces at other locations can directly participate in theater response assessment and decision making aided by the exchange of imaging and situational pictures. Furthermore, PSDS2 data is also shared with a larger family of intelligence and C2 systems through the Distributed Common Ground Station (DCGS) Integrated Backbone (DIB).

Norway Opts for F-35 Lightning II over Gripen NG as Future Fighter

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Nov 22, 2008

Despite being defeated against the F-35 in Norway, by merely contesting its claimed dominance Saab gained significant recognition in its Gripen NG, being a viable alternative to the future US 5th Generation fighter.

After reconsidering its future fighter procurement, and evaluating a possible procurement of a future version of the JAS-39 Saab Gripen NG, Norway decided that the only candidate which could meet all the future operational requirements set by the Royal Norwegian Air Force ‘Future Combat Aircraft Capability’ requirement will be the 5th generation Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II.

“The Joint Strike Fighter [JSF] is considered to be the better of the two candidates regarding intelligence and surveillance, counter-air, air interdict and anti-surface warfare,” defense minister Anne-Grete Strýým-Erichsen said. Norway plans to buy 48 aircraft, scheduled for initial fielding by 2014.

Despite the Lightning’s notional high cost, the Norwegians realized that the JSF is offered at a lower price than the Swedish Gripen NG. Both aircraft are offered with industrial cooperation benefits to the local industry. Sofar Norway was the only JSF partner nation to complete a formal competition to assess the JSF against current or future alternatives. One other JSF partner nation, Denmark, is also conducting a competition for its next generation fighter and will announce its decision in 2009. The Dutch parliament also required the MoD to consider alternatives, despite the air forces’ decision toward the US fighter and in Australia, debate is still ongoing, although government and Defence officials are mostly in favor of the JSF.

Although the Norwegian decision is a setback to Saab, which spent considerable effort challenging the JSF in Norway, and enjoyed friendly support from industry and government, the competition highlighted Gripen NG as a viable competitor to 5th generation fighters. Saab was hoping that challenging JSF in Norway would lead to further successes in other markets, including Denmark, Netherlands. Despite the failure to defeat the future joint strike fighter, Gripen NG gained a clear edge over its current 4th generation competitors, strengthening its position in important markets such as Brazil and India, where they compete against 4th generation fighters such as F/A-18E/F, Rafale, and Typhoon.

Parvus Introduces Zypad WR1100 Wearable Wrist-Worn Computer

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Nov 21, 2008

Parvus Corporation unveiled the Zypad WR1100, a rugged, wrist-worn personal computer at MILCOM 2008 in San Diego. The new gear conforms with MIL-STD-810F environmental and MIL-STD-461E EMI requirements, suitable for military and defense applications. The x86 compatible modular computer can be worn comfortably on the user’s wrist for hands-free operation. It can be configured to access any remote host system through its integrated wired and/or wireless interfaces using its Linux operating system.

The unit integrates a number of innovative features, including 802.11 and Bluetooth/Zigbee interfaces, a GPS receiver, electronic compass, biometric fingerprint sensor, and a tilt-and-dead reckoning system that detects the position of the user’s arm and sets the system to standby mode when the arm is hanging down beside the body. The wearable PC can be configured for specific missions by replacing a mission specific module. If the user wishes to switch from a GPS receiver to a GPRS module, for example, this can be done through a simple, plug-and-play, hot swap operation. The battery module can also be easily removed and replaced in the field with hot swapping functionality.

New Radios are Pushing Broadband to the Edge of the Battlefield

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Nov 21, 2008

General Dynamics is developing the ‘Handheld, Manpack and Small Form Fit’ (HMS) radio under the Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) to provide high bandwidth communications even at the lowest level of command, establishing wideband communication among tactical vehicles and with dismounted units on-the-move. The radio supports JTRS Wideband Networking Waveform and standard based 802.16 wireless networking technologies, facilitating the transfer of large amounts of information and for on-line collaboration between moving vehicles.

General Dynamics C4 Systems, currently under contract to deliver the HMS radios to the U.S. Department of Defense, displayed the new hand held and vehicular radios at the MILCOM 2008. At the demonstration the new radios facilitated communication between vehicles and dismounted soldiers. The new radios are embedding several wide-band waveforms, including the Wideband Networking Waveform (WNW) and IEEE 802.16 or “WiMAX’ wide-area networking, to provide the needed bandwidth and spectrum range to facilitate communication between tactical vehicles while they are moving. HMS radios are designed to meet all JTRS waveform-compliance, interoperability and security standards. The first HMS radios will be in warfighters’ hands in early 2010.

“Demonstrating WNW and 802.16 for advanced, high-speed networking places HMS in a class by itself for performance and efficiency,” said Chris Brady, vice president of Assured Communications Systems for General Dynamics C4 Systems.

Other HMS radios are currently in user tests to prove their effectiveness in close-combat tactical communications, including the Rifleman radio in use by the U.S. Army’s Evaluation Task Force at Fort Bliss. The Rifleman radio mirrors the Small Form Fit- C (SFF-C) Version 1 of HMS with additional radio controls and its own power supply.

Defense-UpdateMilitary Technology & Defense News

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