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    Bull Offers Maximum protection

    Modern Day Marine Expo / AUSA 2007

    The Ceradyne, Inc Bull was developed to address US military’s future requirements for MRAP II. The vehicle uses a standard Military off-the-shelve Medium Tactical Vehicle Replacement (MTVR) truck chassis, produced by Oshkosh, applied with advanced armor design and materials providing enhanced protection against mines, small arms, improvised explosive devices (IED) and Explosive Formed Projectiles (EFP) threats.
    The vehicle is configured to accommodate six or 10 troops in a highly protected hull. According to Ceradyne, the Bull design has been subjected to, and has withstood, EFP.

    The elevated armored cabin is surrounded up to 3/4 of its height with flat thick side armor, protecting the vehicles against most vulnerable standoff attacks by EFP based roadside IEDs. This armor adding to the cab’s integral sloped (V shaped) hull is protecting the Bull from attacks underneath. The integrated flat armor surface increases both ballistic and blast protection by avoiding the weak points and seams created by common add-on armor, associated with earlier solutions. This concept also motivated designers to eliminate side doors, making the Bull accessible only from the rear door. (Emergency escape could be provided through hinged side window panels). All vulnerable elements were removed from the lower section and moved back to the flatbed at the vehicle’s rear, including the fuel tank, air conditioning and auxiliary power unit. In addition to the standard and special armor, the Bull uses thick two-piece armored windshields and small side and rear windows improving surrounding situational awareness. The current model does not have firing ports.

    The vehicle is developed by an industry team including Oshkosh Truck Corp., Ceradyne and Ideal Innovations. Sofar the team developed two prototypes, representing the 6 and 10 troop variants. The first two Bulls were delivered to the US Army for testing at the Aberdeen proving ground.

    Other topics covered in this review:

    Remote Weapon Systems at the Modern Day Marine Expo

    Remotely Controlled Weapons are becoming integral element in modern combat platforms – not only on armored vehicles, but also on tanks, aircraft, and naval crafts and even robotic platforms, where RWS are empowering telepresence with lethal power, as robots are assuming more and more combat roles. Among the products unveiled at the Modern Day Marine expo were the Guardian, ILWS and SCUL.

    Remote Guardian System (RGS)

    BAE Systems introduced at MDM 07 a belly-mounted remotely controlled weapon system designed to protect V-22 Osprey tilt rotor aircraft. The airborne installation provides a unique application, sofar unavailable for airborne platforms. RGS, designed to be belly-mounted on the V-22, is the first remote weapon system capable of delivering accurate, sustained fire throughout the aircraft’s entire flight envelope. It features a compact, retractable design saving valuable aircraft cabin space and was designed to be completely compatible with the V-22’s avionics suite. RGS uses a separate target acquisition turret and stabilized weapon mount, both are retracted in stowed position, deployed only when required. According to BAE Systems, RGS is the first remote weapon system capable of delivering accurate, sustained fire throughout the entire V-22 flight envelope . Because it receives input from the aircraft’s vehicle management system, it can maximize the potential fields of fire during all stages of flight, regardless of aircraft configuration. Similar to modern fighter aircraft, the system’s use of a continuously computed impact point (CCIP), enables the gunner to simply ‘point and shoot’ at the target, while the weapon control computer adjusts the weapon, compensating for wind-and-vehicle motion. RGS could be installed in existing V-22s without any change to troop carrying capacity. In recent stability testing at Camp Ripley, Minnesota, RGS mounted with a GAU-17, 7.62 mm mini-gun was assembled on a moving land vehicle test platform. The testers demonstrated the weapon’s accuracy, based on its three-axis stability and control being the foundation of the RGS and a core capability of BAE Systems. “RGS performed admirably in the tests, demonstrating accurate fire on-the-move,” Clark Freise, vice president of defense avionics for BAE Systems, said when introducing the system at the Modern Day Marine Expo in Quantico, Virginia. “Due to the support and feedback we received from the Marine Corps’ requirements and user communities, we are now launching RGS as a mature system.” BAE Systems, which has been working with the user community to develop and demonstrate this capability since mid-2005, is planning to make the system available for installation beginning in the third quarter of 2008.

    UT-25-30mm Unmanned Turret Weapon Station

    Elbit Systems’s EFW subsidiary demonstrated at MDM 07 the Unmanned Turret concept designated UT-25-30, installed on a USMC Amphibious Assault Vehicle (AAV). The turret mounts the M242 25mm automatic cannon or the MK44 30 mm cannon, both from ATK, and a coaxial 7.62mm machine gun. Demonstrations of the UT25-30 were recently performed for the USMC on LAV-25 and the AAV. The overhead unmanned turret has several advantages, since it does not require any roof penetration, preserves valuable internal space (in the AAV example) or clearing significant internal space in the LAV-25, by removing the original manned turret. Maintained at an optimal position about three feet above deck (960-983 mm) the weapon-mount offers high elevation and depression angles – an important factor for urban engagement. An innovative folding mechanism reduces the system’s height to 1.5 ft (about 50 cm) maintaining low silhouette and assuring transportability in C-130 Hercules aircraft.

    ILWS (ORCWS 7.62)

    Elbit System’s subsidiary EFW recently won its first major US order for remotely operated weapon station – the company will supply 450 overhead remotely controlled weapon stations (ORCWS 7.62) to be operated by the loaders on US Marine Corps M1A1 tanks. Designated Improved Loader’s Weapon Station (ILWS) by the US Marines, the systems are mounted as ‘add-on’ to the turret roof, without penetration required into the vehicle’s deck. It maintains a low silhouette and its fully stabilized weapon and sensor mount and soft recoil mechanism, offering high accuracy fire. The lightweight (<95 kg net weight, without weapon or ammo) electrically operated system mounts an M240B machine gun and 690 rounds (upgradable to 1150). eloading can be performed in less than a minute. The weapon is operated remotely from inside the tank facilitating weapon aiming, firing, charging and stoppage clearing. ILWS uses an uncooled thermal viewer, developed specifically for this application. A similar system is currently being evaluated to equip the Israeli Merkava Mk4 tanks.

    Small Caliber UltraLight (SCUL)

    The Small Caliber UltraLight (SCUL) weapon station from Precision Remotes was developed as follow-on to the TRAPS T-250D currently operated with the US Marine Corps. The lightweight, quick installation mount weighs only 55 lbs (25kg) and can be mounted on a tripod, vehicle or an nmanned ground vehicle (UGV). The system supports several weapons including the M249 SAW (Minigun), M240B machine gun (with 400 rounds of ammunition) and 0.50 cal M82A1M/M107 (Barret) anti-material weapon. SCUL is carried and operated by a single soldier using a lightweight controller weighing 4.9 lbs (2.2 kg). The operating system supports up to three store/recall target locations and uses ballistic correction for aiming adjustment, compensation for ammunition type, range, cant, tilt and camera parallax. Its drive mechanism enables 360 deg. movement. Fine adjustment in azimuth and elevation is also provided for gun laying. Traversing at a rate of 140 deg/second and elevating at 40 deg/sec. SCUL can be integrated with on-board or external sensors to facilitate Slew-to-Cue operation. Typical optronics include a daylight zoom CCD video camera and a thermal or image intensified sensor for night operation. Mechanical lockouts are used to maintain safety margins.

    Other topics covered in this review:

    Tactical Autonomous Chassis (TAC-C) from General Dynamics Robotics Systems

    As result of teamwork between the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) and General Dynamics Robotic Systems (GDRS), TAC-C has been developed to explore new missions for tactical class robotic vehicles. The vehicle can carry up to 2,000 lbs (907 kg) of cargo, providing deployed units with various logistical support services, such as delivery of supplies or casualties evacuation. TAC-C also provides a platform for the deployment of unmanned aerial systems (UAS). The vehicle can be employed on autonomous missions or be driven manually.

    The vehicle has a steering column and driver’s seat that can be stowed away or deployed in a matter of seconds, TAC-C can also be man-driven and used to transport up to five troops. The vehicle has a front and rear steering, which also enable crab steering when required, enabling turning radius as small as three meters.

    The vehicle uses Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) to enable smooth transfer of power to the wheels, maintaining positive traction even in difficult conditions. Maximum speed when manually driven is 80 mph., using 2 wheel, 4 wheel or ultra-low gears for the most rugged terrain. When operated in an autonomous mode, TAC-C can travel at speeds of 20 mph cross country. Semi-active suspension is used to reduce signature to a low, ground hugging mode or raise the chassis for maximum ground clearance. In the medical evacuation role, the vehicle can be utilized as an autonomous or soldier driven vehicle. In both configurations it can carry two litters with wounded soldiers, and a MEDEVAC kit including an EKG monitor, IV hookup and other medical supplies.

    Aviation and Unmanned Systems at AUSA 2007

    Sikorsky’s proposed High Speed Lifter (already included in our 2006 AUSA report) was present again this year, providing some additional details on the proposed design. Utilizing three turbine engines, each rated to 13,900 shp, the aircraft will use an X2 rotor system comprising twin four blade main rotors and two nine blade propellers, powering the aircraft in vertical take off and landing and horizontal flight. The aircraft will be designed for a gross weight of 158,400 lbs carrying a payload of 40,000 lbs plus 19,500 lbs of fuel. (Empty eight will be 96,500 lbs).

    Designed for cruise at a speed of 240 knots, the High Speed Lifter will transition between forward and vertical flight modes without complex in-flight conversion. In hovering, the propellers will be clutched off facilitating stable low speed flight qualities. The aircraft maintain helicopter-like attributes in hover efficiency, maneuverability and agility, nap of the earth flying capability and safe descent through autorotation, low speed stability and high speed without transition. The aircraft will be built to survive combat damage, with ballistic tolerant design, use of advanced multi-spectral survivability enhancements.

    Q-sight

    BAE Systems introduced a new family of helmet-mounted display and cueing systems called Q-Sight. Weighing less than 4 ounces, the miniature display clips to any helmet, allowing the pilot “plug-and-play” ease of use. The new technology features a daylight readable display with large “exit pupil” for pilot viewing, and seamless transitions between day and night to increase pilotBAE Systems Q-Sight . Photo: BAE Systemssituational awareness and mission capability. The increased visibility and lightweight design minimizes eye and neck strain, common problems for pilots managing the demands of longer missions and increasingly complex rules of engagement. Additionally, the decreased size and weight of the display allows the pilot complete freedom of movement within the cockpit.

    A common denominator between several new systems unveiled here at AUSA 07 was the transformation of the robotic platform from a hunter into a killer. Almost all systems were presented with weapon’s mounting options, some as a modification and others, as their main capability. Here are few examples.

    A160T shown during a recent test flight, where the UAV flew on a 12 hour mission. Photo: Boeing. A model of the A160T armed configuration, on display at AUSA 2007. Photo: Noam EshelA160T

    Developed under DARPA’s Hummingbird Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) program, the Boeing A160T is currently in production for DARPA testing and for the US Special Operations Command. The original piston engine powered Hummingbird flew for the first time in 2002. Currently 11 A160Ts are in production at Boeing for DARPA. The latest version, A160T (Turbine Hummingbird) offers dramatic improvement in endurance and performance over the baseline vehicle. It is designed for autonomous operations at a range of 2,250 nautical miles and mission endurance extending more than 20 hours. Its cruising speed is 140 knots and operational ceiling is 25,000 to 30,000 ft. The aircraft will be able to hover at an altitude of up to 15,000 ft.

    Key to the Hummingbird’s endurance and station-keeping performance is the proprietary optimum speed rotor technology, designed to improve the engine’s efficiency by adjusting the rotation speed of the rotor according to the changing flight conditions, such as altitudes, gross weight and cruise speed. Operational A160Ts will be capable of persistent intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance; target acquisition; direct action; communication relay and precision re-supply missions. In October 2007, A160T completed a 12 hour test flight carrying a 500 pound payload at an altitude of 5,000 feet simulating multi-sensor operational mission. The flight used less than 60 percent of the aircraft’s maximum fuel, demonstrating the advantages of the A160’s design, including its unique optimum speed rotor. The 12-hour flight followed an eight-hour flight on Sept. 27 during which the Hummingbird carried a 1,000-pound payload module. Ultimately, Boeing plans to fly the aircraft for 18 consecutive hours with a 300-pound payload. At AUSA Boeing displayed a model of an armed version of the A160T, loaded with an EO payload and eight Hellfire type missiles. The vehicle has a length of 35 feet and a 36-foot rotor diameter.

    Foster-Miller, Inc. (QinetiQ North America subsidiary) introduced at AUSA the Modular Advanced Armed Robotic System (MAARS), representing the company’s mature concept for operational, weaponized combat robot. MAARS is powerful and agile system designed specifically for the military and first responders. Compared with the company’s current SWORD and TALON robot, MAARS packs a more powerful platform, designed to carry heavier loads including the fully functional Small Caliber UltraLight (SCUL) remote weapon system from Precision Remote, mounting a 7.62 M240B machine gun or a 0.5 Cal Barret high power anti-material sniper rifle. MAARS also introduces significantly improved Digital Control Unit offering improved situational awareness, command and control. The controller provides improved weapon control functions, better aneuverability, mobility, lethality and safety.

    The complete MAARS system weighs about 350 pounds. The chassis is constructed as a uni-body frame fitted with easier battery and electronics accessibility. Other features include a larger payload bay, higher torque, creating faster ground speeds and improved braking. An EOD MAARS will be equipped with a new manipulator arm having a nominal 100 lb lift capability. The arm can quickly replace the turret mounted M240B weapon, literally transforming from a remote weapons platform to an Improvised Explosive Device (IED).

    R-500 (Seeker) Robot from SAIC

    SAIC subsidiary AMTI developed the Seeker family of small robots, designed for detection and defeat of IED threats. SAIC offers two Seeker series robots – the R500E, and R421. This UGV is covered in more details in the Counter IED section of this review.

    VIPeR

    Elbit Systems unveiled the latest version of the VIPeR – a versatile, very lightweight portable robot first displayed this year at the AUSA Winter convention. VIPeR is capable of carrying out a variety of missions in potentially hostile areas. The small robot weighs less than 12 k and is portable in a standard backpack. Its high maneuverability and payload capacity make it suitable for a wide range of combat missions, equipped with add-on sensors, modules and task specific payloads. The intelligent, small-signature system consists of a remote operator control harness, robotic platform with video, communication and weapons capability.

    Other topics covered in this review:

    Lightweight Portable Power

    Electrical power supply continues to be a major challenge to military planners, particularly when extended dismounted operations are required. New innovations introduced by several companies could offer have promissing capabilities in the future but at present, primary and rechargable batteries continue to provide the only power source to fill the militar’s thirst for power.

    General Atomics and Jadoo Power have teamed to develop power systems, replacing the heavy batteries carried by individual soldiers. The new power system is based on a fuel cell and fuel interface technology system developed by Jadoo Power, based on General Atomics’ patented ammonia borane fuel technology. In this process, the hydrogen fuel is stored in solid chemical hydride (ammonia borane). This material is decompressed to release the fuel. This material contains hydrogen twice the hydrogen volume, compared with cryogenic stored liquid hydrogen or nearly four times as compressed gaseous hydrogen (10,000 psi).
    The fuel cell is designed to be form-and-fit compatible with the BA 5590 battery pack.

    The fuel is stored in a cartridge attached to the fuel cell for liquid-free processing, allowing for a rugged, reliable and portable power package. Each cartridge provides specific energy for over 750 Whr/kg. At a total weight of 10 pounds (4.5 kg) including the fuel cell and seven cartridges, the system will support a 72 mission (supplying 50 watts), replacing 21 BA 5590 batteries weighting 47 pounds (21.5 kg). Similar to a battery, this fuel cell can be instantly switched on and off, without residual ‘memory’ or self discharge effects limiting the use of similar portable power systems. In addition to the application as portable power for the dismounted soldier, these fuel cells have promising applications for unmanned systems. For example, a five lbs system could power an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) or unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) consuming 100 watts for 10 hours.

    LED lights produced by the Israeli company Eltam  contribute to significant power saving in military vehicles,. A by product of these electronic lights is the indication of low battery state, alarming the crew of an imminent power down, enabling the crew to start the engine for timely recharge. Ultralife introduced the UBBL10, a new product in its “SmartCircuit” (SMBus compliant) family of batteries. This model is compatible with the popular BB-2590 format offering full compliance with the open source SMBus communications protocol. Ultralife’s SmartCircuit batteries/charger/appliance communications improves battery efficiency over its life cycle. Ultralife offers the 2590 type package in a higher capacity version, delivering 18.4Ah in 12V mode. The battery designated UBBL09 is suitable for applications that previously used nickel-metal hydride type cells.
    A projector using LED lights used to illuminate the sides of an MRAP vehicle. LEDs are providing power saving and have better durability and redundancy, compared to conventional lamp or hallogen technology. Photo: Noam Eshel

    Vehicle lights are a known power consumer in all types of vehicles. Combat vehicles, placed on silent guard for many hours are subject to severe light saving restrictions, especially white light. In addition to the power consumption penalty, white light are also damaging night visibility and may disorientate observers. It is also susceptible of being spotted by image intensifiers. Blue or red lights are more ‘friendly’ in such environment. Eltam, an Israeli company specialized in lighting technologies developed a LED lighting system specifically adapted for combat vehicles.
    Eltam lights are currently being used in Israeli Merkava tanks, and were also installed in a number of US combat vehicles. At AUSA Eltam lights could be seen on a wide range of vehicles, including the Paladin, Bradley technology demonstrator and Paladin. Produced in in red/white or blue/white combinations, Eltam’s dimmable lights contribute to significant saving in power. A by-product is the ability to indicate low battery state, alarming the crew of an imminent battery drain, enabling the crew to start the engine for timely recharge.

    Other topics covered in this review:

    AUSA 2007 – Combating the IEDs

    Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) continue to pose a challenge to coalition forces in Iraq and Afghanistan. Some of the best minds in the defense industry are searching for effective countermeasures against these threats, some were introduced at AUSA 2007. Among these were systems enabling the engagement of IEDs from stand-off distance, shooting them with machine guns or frying them with lasers; A new jammer that can better cope with the illusive radio or phone triggered devices and a low-cost robot designed to blast the IEDs with a big bang, before they are activated by the enemy.

    Gyrocam has already received orders for several hundreds of systems from the USMC, Army and Navy. The company demonstrated its multi-sensor mast-mounted EO system associated with a remote weapon station proposed as an IED hunter killer. This concept seems to attract much interest with US forces in Iraq, as it provides more flexibility within standard operational practices, enabling troops to maintain significant stand-off distance while spotting, detecting and engaging suspected objects, without entering a potential kill-zone, set by hostile elements near an IED ambush site. Such flexible procedures are also less susceptible to exploitation by the enemy. Gyrocam has been contracted to supply several hundred multi-sensor mast-mounted electro-optical payloads to be used for force protection applications. The company demonstrated the integration of such payload with BAE System’s Lemur remotely operated weapon station, used as a Counter IED system.

    A different method of defeating an IED from stand-off distance is proposed by Boeing, utilizing the company’s latest addition to the Avenger Agile Multi-Role Weapon System (AMWS) very short-range air defense (VSHORAD) system. Boeing recently demonstrated how energetic materials can be neutralized by laser beams from safe distance. The Laser Avenger was employed in such a demonstration on September 26-27, 2007 at the US Army Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Ala. The vehicle was equipped with a 1-kilowatt solid-state laser. The laser segment of Laser Avenger will have uses beyond the counter-IED, counter-UXO mission. For example, it could be upgraded to have a shoot-on-the-move capability and to blind or destroy other kinds of targets, including low-flying unmanned aerial vehicles. The laser was Elbit Systems displayed its latest IED jammer called IEDJ at Modern day Marine and AUSA exhibitions 2007. added while retaining Avenger’s ability to carry other weapons, including missiles and a machine gun. Boeing plans to offer AMWS and Laser Avenger as product improvements for over 600 Avengers are deployed with military users worldwide.

    Elbit Systems unveiled its latest electronic countermeasure designed to combat Remotely-Controlled Improvised Explosive Devices (RCIED). The new IED Jammer (IEDJ) represents Elbit Systems’ latest generation system, earlier countermeasures developed by Elbit and its subsidiaries have been combat proven in different war zones worldwide. The new vehicle-mounted system is designed as a modular, programmable multi-band radio-frequency jammer which denies enemy use of selected portions of the RF spectrum in the system’s vicinity. Unlike earlier generation devices using broadband ‘barrage’ to block entire wavelengths associated with suspected RCIED triggering devices (which usually cover most of the frequencies used by radio communications and cellular phones), Elbit’s IEDJ uses specific waveforms, rather than barrage jamming. Barrage can be programmed into the hardware, where required. The system can transmit on all bands simultaneously, effectively countering a wide range of potential threats.

    AMTI, a SAIC subsidiary developed the Seeker family of small robots, designed for detection and defeat of IED threats. SAIC offers two Seeker series robots – the R500E, and R421. The R-500E, weighing about 30 pounds, designed for multi-use, is applied as a low-cost device, priced for mass distribution to EOD units and other commands. Employed as a forward scout, about 1,000 feet in front of the troops, the R-500E can search for suspicious objects and identify potential IEDs by ‘sniffing’ them explosive detection sensors. If an IED is detected, R-500E or its smaller ‘brother’, R-421 can deploy an explosive charge and clear the area before the detonation. The robot carries such charges on a trailer, carrying a weight of up to 25 pounds (15 punds with the R-412). R-500E is equipped with two forward looking cameras and pan-tilt camera for recon. A microphone is also used to send back information. For night operation the robot uses an Infrared LED array.

    Other topics covered in this review:

    Super Sharp Eyes for the Snipers

    Firing under ‘perfect conditions’, modern sniper weapons, particularly the high power ‘Anti-Material Rifles’ enable a professional marksman to score a ‘perfect first-hit shot’ at long range. Taking advantage of such weapons’ capabilities, snipers are required to accurately hit targets with the first round, under all battlefield conditions, with maximum effective range of their weapon. Accurate range measurement and prediction of environmental conditions (temperature, wind intensity and wind gusts downrange) are critical in producing such first shot hits. “Winds of 5 to 10 miles per hour significantly decrease the probability of a sniper hitting a target, requiring a second attempt, which increases the sniper’s own probability of detection,” said Ron Rex, Lockheed Martin’s One Shot program manager. “Since wind is transparent and gusts are virtually impossible to time and estimate, even a light gust has huge impact on the hit-probability, missing the target by over 1.5 meters at distances as short as 400 meters.” explains Dr. Deepak Varshneya, Program Manager at DARPA’s Strategic Technology Office.

    Focus, from ITL provides accurate measurement of wind effects down range. Photo: Noam EshelSeveral systems are currently under development by US-Israeli and DARPA initiatives. A joint US-Israeli development, under Israel’s Defense Research & Development Directorate (DRDD) management currently under development at ITL, utilizes a cross-wind laser measurement concept, developed by Dr Joseph Shapira from Soreq Nuclear Research Center. This is evaluating fire control systems designed to improve the sniper team’s performance. ITL unveiled a model of this system, dubbed ‘Focus’, designed as a fire control system to be operated by the sniper team spotter, supporting up to eight sniper positions simultaneously. The system employs a laser beam that instantly measures and profiles wind-flow, creating a three-dimensional model used in the ballistic calculation. Focus will provide each sniper with individual ballistic correction, based on accurate measurements of cross-wind downrange, temperature, range and inclination.

    Spotter60 high power targeting gear for snipers. Another device called Sniper Auxiliary Attachment Module (SAM), designed for the sniper team, was unveiled by Carl Zeiss Optronics. SAM fits 6-24×72 telescopic sights enabling marksmen to receive critical information without taking their eyes off the target. SAM has been developed to solve the problem which marksmen have in preparing the rifle while still observing, identifying and targeting a threat. At a touch of a button, users receive menu-guided information on current settings enabling them to easily determine the current position of elevation and azimuth turret settings at night, plus information indicating temperature and air pressure. Data on the weapon-tilt angle and the slant error is also displayed in the user’s field of view. When added with wind direction and speed, this information is used to calculate a ballistic solution. For spotters, the new Spotter 60 provides fatigue-free observation, clarification and precise acquisition of targets at greater distances and over extended time periods . It has a variable magnification range of 20 – 60 power, an optical clear objective diameter of 72 mm and a focus range of 20m to infinity. Spotter 60 uses a MIL-DOT aiming-point sight, which reduces the difficulty in finding a target, usually experienced with such high magnification devices.

    Other companies are pursuing an advanced sighting system, offering automatic down-range wind-correction to be embedded into the sniper scope. Lockheed Martin is one of several companies developing such systems under Phase 1 DARPA’s One Shot program. This aims at removing windage and range errors from the sniper’s performance. The system is expected to deliver accurate aiming solutions at crosswind conditions gusting to over 40 mph, up to the effective ranges of weapons. The ‘One Shot’ sight will provide the shooter with a continuously updated ballistic solution translated into a corrected aim point. DARPA is expected to down-select a single solution for further prototype development. One Shot is expected to offer dramatic reduction in the sniper training and qualification process.

    Elbit Systems introduced several models of the CORAL Hand-held thermal vision system. The basic system is a high resolution, hand-held, dual field of view personal thermal imaging camera with integral GPS receiver, using a 3-5 µm Focal Plane Array (FPA). This lightweight observation unit weighs less than 2.5 kg, is easy to operate and provides excellent image quality. The system’s applications include infantry, scout and perimeter defense missions. The recently introduced CORAL CR derivative of the basic system, is a laser rangefinder optimized for target acquisition. CORAL CR can also function as an integrated night sight for medium range weapon systems or night binocular for light patrol boats and armored fighting vehicle commanders.

    ITL displayed their latest model of Explorer, a multi-sensor, day/night hand-held target acquisition system designed for the infantry commander, forward observer and special operations operatives. An ‘all in one’ system, Explorer packs a daylight (CCD) and cooled thermal imaging system, with navigation, positioning and target acquisition devices. The system enables the detection of a man-sized target, in daylight at a range of 6 km (2.5 km recognition) and 3.6 km at night (1.5 km recognition). The system uses an integral map display for orientation and situational awareness and supports data transfer over net-centric systems.

    Other topics covered in this review:

    Air Defense Modernization at AUSA 2007

    Among the new air defense systems currently under development, the new Stunner missile is one of the future ‘game changing’ systems, promising to introduce unprecedented cost, flexibility and agility to air and missile defense technology.
    Addressing the growing asymmetric threat of short range ballistic missiles and large caliber rockets, Raytheon and Rafael are jointly developing a new interceptor designed to meet this capability gap with the Stunner, an affordable, flexible and effective ‘hard-kill’ defense. The missile was unveiled for the first time in the USA, by Raytheon.

    A model of the Stunner missile, developed by Raytheon and RAFAEL. Photo Noam Eshel
    The nose section of the Stunner missile, showing the terminal (imaging) seeker. The upper (slanted) section houses the active RF  seeker. Photo: Noam EshelThe missile is designed to engage missile and rocket threats with ranges of 70 – 200 km. The new system will establish a lower tier below the IAI Arrow 2 missile, which extends the defensive capability to longer range and higher altitude. Known as ‘Magic Wand’ this program will be managed by the Israel Missile Defense Organization (IMDO), which already supervises Israel’s ballistic missile defense program.

    The Stunner uses a multi-pulse rocket motor, agile steering systems and combined EO/RF seeker, providing high sensitivity under all weather conditions and low vulnerability, immune to deception and countermeasures, facilitating effective ‘hit-to-kill’ maneuverability at relatively low cost. Using a ‘fire and forget’ operating concept, Stunners will engage targets along threat trajectories, requiring minimal cueing from sensor resources, ensuring high rate of fire, even during saturation attacks. Further optimizing the Stunner system’s performance, the missile’s in-flight update will provide real-time retargeting. These elements are particularly important to provide Stunner with clear overmatch on any threat, specifically in complex, hit-to-kill endgame.

    The missile will utilize a booster designed by ATK, a multi-mode seeker and multi-pulse rocket motor, developed by RAFAEL. The system could rely on the IAI/Elta Green Pine missile warning radar or the company’s new Multi-Mission Radar (MMR), which is also considered for the short-range rocket defense system, also developed by Rafael. The missiles could be used as ‘stand alone’ systems, using canister, rail launchers or rely on Patriot units, using common container/launchers and battle management systems. By integrating with existing air defenses, Stunner will be able to dramatically improve the survivability of air defense systems, protecting strategic facilities from attacks by short or medium range ballistic missiles and minimize collateral damage from debris.

    SLAMRAAM missile system on display at AUSA 2007, installed on a Maxpro vehicle. Photo: Noam EshelA different weapon system from Raytheon addresses close-in protection against asymmetric threats, using the Laser Area Defense System (LADS). Raytheon is developing this capability to expand the defended footprint and complement kinetic energy system capabilities (such as the Centurion CIWS). The system will also provide effective response against unmanned systems and sensors and could augment ship defense with effective countermeasures against floating mines and multiple small explosive boats. The LADS’ effector uses a beam director replacing the 20mm Phalanx gun. The beam director is linked to a commercially available 20kilowatt fiber-laser produced by IPG Photonics. The system is powered by a diesel generator. During the system demonstration phase conducted in 2006, LADS destroyed static 60mm mortar bombs at a range of more than 550 meters.

    Other topics covered in this review:

    Urban Assault Weapon

    The lightweight Urban Assault Weapon (UAW) was displayed by Qinetiq. The company conducted extensive research evaluating various shoulder launched weapon concepts, designed to provide infantry troops with effective urban engagement capability. Qinetiq designed their UAW concept to be lightweight – less than 17.6 lbs (8 kg) but capable to provide multiple effects from a single munition, defeating bunkers, buildings or light armored vehicles.

    The munition is configured around a super-caliber break-in charge and a follow-through blast warhead. The break-in charge has been optimized to perforate brick, block and reinforced concrete walls. The follow-through bomb is lightly encased to maximize the blast effect when detonated, but still survive emplacement through target walls. It will also create a one meter diameter hole through brick and block walls for rapid entry. The projectile has a unique nose probe, erected at firing, to allow the overall weapon length below one meter, whilst maintaining the required stand-off for optimum break-in charge effectiveness. The “plastic” projectile weighing only 3 kg, is built entirely of composite materials. The weapon is designed for employment indoors. The weapon will be effective at ranges of 49 – 984 ft. (15 to 300 meters).

    MAARS Weaponized Robot

    Foster-Miller, Inc. (QinetiQ North America subsidiary) introduced at AUSA the Modular Advanced Armed Robotic System (MAARS), representing the company’s mature concept for operational, weaponized combat robot. MAARS is powerful and agile system designed specifically for the military and first responders. Compared with the company’s current SWORD and TALON robot, MAARS packs a more powerful platform, designed to carry heavier loads including the fully functional Small Caliber UltraLight (SCUL) remote weapon system from Precision Remote, mounting a 7.62 M240B machine gun or a 0.5 Cal Barret high power anti-material sniper rifle.

    MAARS Weaponized Robot

    MAARS also introduces significantly improved Digital Control Unit offering improved situational awareness, command and control. The controller provides improved weapon control functions, better aneuverability, mobility, lethality and safety.

    The complete MAARS system weighs about 350 pounds. The chassis is constructed as a uni-body frame fitted with easier battery and electronics accessibility. Other features include a larger payload bay, higher torque, creating faster ground speeds and improved braking. An EOD MAARS will be equipped with a new manipulator arm having a nominal 100 lb lift capability. The arm can quickly replace the turret mounted M240B weapon, literally transforming from a remote weapons platform to an Improvised Explosive Device (IED).

     

    Modernizing Fire Support at AUSA 2007

    The centerpiece of the fire support systems presented at AUSA 2007, the latest upgrade of the US Army M-109A6 Paladin. Lockheed Martin unveiled the first prototype of the Army’s future hostile fire location radar, EQ-36. Other systems included a range of air defense weapons, including a first appearance in the USA of the next generation Stunner air defense missile, displayed by Raytheon.

    New developments in fire support at AUSA were highlighted through introduction of the upgraded M-109A6 Paladin system. BAE Systems unveiled the latest upgrade for the M-109 self propelled gun, under development for the U.S. Army under a Public-Private Partnership (P3) signed between BAE Systems and the Army’s Tank Automotive & Armaments Command (TACOM), Program Executive Office for Ground Combat Systems, Project Manager – Heavy Brigade Combat Team (HBCT) and the Anniston Army Depot. The new upgrade called Paladin Integrated Management (PIM) program is expected to be carried out during upcoming reset of M109A6 Paladin SP howitzers and M992A2 Field Artillery Ammunition Supply Vehicles (FAASV). These activities will be undertaken by the Anniston depot. The M109A6-PIM is considered to be the most cost-effective method to significantly improve sustainability and survivability, while reducing the logistics burden on the HBCT and supporting fires brigade.

    The M109A6-PIM uses the existing main armament and recently designed cab structure, while replacing outmoded chassis components with advanced elements from the Bradley Combat Systems, to increase sustainability and commonality across the HBCT. The upgrade will also introduce select technologies from the Future Combat Systems Non-Line-of-Sight Cannon (NLOS/C), including an automated projectile loader and modern electric gun drive systems, replacing the current hydraulically operated elevation and azimuth drives, designed in the early 1960s. The electric gun and ammunition handling components, as well as a micro-climate (air conditioning) system, will be powered by BAE Systems’ Common Modular Power System (CMPS), recently elected for installation on Stryker and HMMWV. The system featured on the M109A6-PIM is capable of providing 35 kilowatts of 600-volt direct current which can be used for voltage conversion and can support other higher power loads required within the Paladin platform.

    EQ-36 Counterfire Target Acquisition Radar developed by Lockheed Martin. Photo: Noam Eshel, defense UpdateModern armies, particularly the US and British armies are reevaluating the role of the light mortar, recognizing its contribution to provide close, accurate and self-sustained support at company and battalion level. These small caliber weapons, including 60, 81 and 120mm tubes offer mechanized and dismounted units effective, accurate firepower capable of hitting targets at ‘non-line of sight’ engagement, particularly in urban, mountainous and densely vegetated areas, including jungle or forest. Self propelled mortars operated by the US Army in the Stryker brigades are operated as a self-propelled fire bases, fielding 120, 81 and 60 mm tubes. The British Army is also considering using this concept with its FRES IFS mortar carrier variant, which will include a 60mm and 81mm tubes, with a growth option to 120mm.

    The 60 mm mortars are becoming a popular weapon of choice among peacekeeping forces, engaged in war against terror in Afghanistan and Iraq, where they are rapidly fielded as low-cost, highly effective defensive or offensive weapon to improve the integral fire support of small contingent forces fielded by contributing NATO members. Old generation tubes, including 60mm and 51mm tubes were quite popular in the past, but in recent years were practically shelved due ammunition obsolescence. The British Army already decided to phase out its 51 mm tubes in favor of 60 mm mortars, while the US Army is currently considering a similar move. The Israeli army fields 60 mm tubes with all tanks and heavy APCs as a lesson from the 1973 Yom Kippur war.

    lightweight C-06 60mm mortar system from Soltam. Photo: Noam Eshel, defense UpdateAs one of the innovators in this field, Israel’s mortar expert Soltam Systems introduced a new, lightweight C-06 60mm mortar system offering 20% weight reduction by utilizing forged aluminum base plate, lightweight bipod and highly efficient tube, capable of firing mortar bombs with M-38A1 proximity fuzes, dramatically increasing the lethality of the weapon against unprotected targets, while minimizing collateral damage by using smaller caliber bombs. In fact, a two man firing team can rapidly generate continuous fire for effect within very short time, in direct support of their units. Mortars are usually operated manually at targets visible by a fire director or the firing team. Firing at high precision at a specific GPS location can achieved within less than 30 seconds with this weapon, using Soltam’s hand-held fire control computer, which supports the entire range of tubes, including 120, 81 and 60mm.

    Optically Directed Advanced Munition (ODAM) under development by BAE Systems for DARPA> Photo: Noam EshelDARPA and BAE Systems have more ambitious plans for the 60 mm mortar. At AUSA 2007 BAE Systems displayed the latest model of the Optically Directed Advanced Munition (ODAM), developed under a $9 million program awarded in 2005 by darpa. Under this initiative, BAE Systems is planning to demonstrate a laser-guided, low cost optical seeker for the 60mm mortar. The guidance kit will be designed to replace the current 60mm mortar fuse to improve firing precision. Additionally, research will be done with explosives to improve the effectiveness of 60mm explosive rounds. Accroding to DARPA, the goal is to develop a 60mm projectile with the effectiveness of a 105mm high explosive projectile. If fielded, such systems could improve the effectiveness of small dismounted units, employing precision indirect munitions that can operate across multiple environments, including urban and mountaneous terrain.

    One of the major displays by Lockheed Martin was an operational prototype of the U.S. Army’s new Enhanced AN/TPQ-36 radar, known as the EQ-36 Counterfire Target Acquisition Radar. In January 2007 Lockheed Martin was selected as prime contractor of on this program. EQ-36 will be able to detect, classify, track and determine the location of enemy indirect fire such as mortars, artillery and rockets in either 90 degree or 360 degree modes. The 360 degree mode is of special advantage for force protection in a modern, asymmetric warfare. Such performance poses more challenging task for current artillery location radars, covering a limited 90 degrees sector.

    Other topics covered in this review:

    Ahmadinejad’s Shiite Crescent Kindles Sectarian Violence

    Two years ago, Jordan’s King Abdullah II accused Iran of planning a sinister scheme to employ tactics of intimidation, bribery and militia training of sectarian elements throughout the Middle East, in order to create instability among rival Moslem factions. The king warned that Iran’s quest toward empowering a “Shiite Crescent” stretching from Iran to Lebanon, would initiate the strategic dominance of Shiite power throughout the Middle East. At the time, King Abdullah’s allegations infuriated the Tehran Ayathollahs, who rejected his accusations as totally baseless. But these days, the escalating sectarian violence among Moslem brethren are clearly bearing out the Monarch’s predictions in a unprecedented internecine bloodbath reaching from Iraq to Gaza, via Beirut- all fueled by Iranian fingerprints. The hurried rise of hard-liner Mahmoud Ahmadinejad has certainly served to strengthen that resolve. In recent years, the “republic” has brazenly broadened its influence in Iraq, Lebanon, and in Gaza. Needless to say, the recent expansion of Shia forces in the region has caused the Saudi royal family much deserved anxiety. The hurried attempt by the Saudi king to host talks between the feuding Palestinian groups of Fatah and Hamas to end fighting that has killed at least 30 people over the past three days in the Gaza Strip clearly indicates this growing concern. 

    Iraqi Shi'i Leader  Moqtada Al SadrThe sectarian bloodshed in Iraq, between Arab Shiites and Sunnis, all have the signs of a hegemonic Persian ambition. No one in Iraq exemplifies this better than Moqtada Al Sadr, the leader of its largest Shia militia — the “Mahdi Army” to which the Iranian government is behind shipping components used to make improvised explosive devices for Iraqi insurgents, fighting both US forces and Sunni militias.

    Some of the most violent attacks struck Shiite targets in the Baghdad area this week, as the Islamic sect marks Ashoura, the holiest day in the Shiite calendar commemorating the 7th century death of Imam Hussein. Although Shi’ites are the minority sect of Islam, they form some 60 percent of Iraq’s 26 million people and have dominated the government following the U.S.-led invasion of 2003. Since the invasion, millions of Shi’ites make the pilgrimage to Hussein’s shrine in Kerbala, transforming the Ashura festival into the biggest national day and confirming the ascendancy of Shi’ism. The Najaf province strike came only a day after mortar shells hit the courtyard of a girls’ school in a mostly Sunni Arab neighborhood of Baghdad. An Iraqi police official said that among the alleged 300 militants which had been killed during the fierce weekend battles, included 30 Afghans and Saudi volunteers, possibly recruited by Al Qaeda.

    Meanwhile President Bush has stepped up his response in a last minute effort to curb the escalating violence in Iraq. As hundreds of thousands of Americans march in protest against George W. Bush’s war policies, the president has authorized U.S. forces in Iraq to take whatever actions are necessary against Iranian agents considered a threat to American troops or the public at large.

    Hassan Nasrallah, the Shi' leader of the Lebanese HezbollahThe White House made the announcement last Friday in Washington, claiming that the aggressive new policy is a direct response to intelligence reports, that Iran is supporting terrorists inside Iraq and is providing sophisticated improvised explosive devices (IED) – and other equipment to anti-American. insurgents. On January 10, President Bush accused Iran and Syria of allowing terrorists and insurgents to use their territory to move in and out of Iraq. He warned that US troops would take measures, including seeking out and destroying ” the networks providing advanced weaponry and training to our enemies in Iraq.” According to new orders, US troops in Iraq now have full authority to kill or capture Iranian agents deemed to be a threat. AS result, five Iranians were detained by U.S.-led forces earlier this month after a commando raid on an Iranian government liaison office in northern Iraq. According to Associated Press news agency, the administration said at the time that U.S. forces entered an Iranian building in Kurdish-controlled Irbil because information linked it to Revolutionary Guards and other Iranian elements engaging in violent activities in Iraq.

    In Lebanon, the Iranian sponsored Hezbollah-led bloc’s effort is poised to carry out the first Middle East revolution this century to overthrow a pro-Western government. Although it seemed to peter out over the weekend, intelligence sources estimate that the grand strategic design is to to go forward in calculated stages, rather than a continuous operation. Only last Tuesday, three Lebanese were killed, 133 were injured and the entire country was virtually paralyzed by Shiite cordons on strategic locations, a clear signal of what is in store. The anti-government bloc, headed by Hassan Nasrallah and pro-Syrian allies, Gen. Michel Aoun and the north Lebanese Faranjieh clan, has been encouraged by its initial effectiveness to carry on to the next stage at some unspecified moment. Here too, there is a clear Tehran design to dictate the modus operandi.

    Jihad Islami leader  Muhamed al HindiAs if the internecine Hamas Fatah fighting in the Gaza Strip seemed to have stopped suicide attacks on Israel for a while, the bloody attack by an Islamic Jihad bomber, identified as Mohamed Faisal al-Sahsah, 21 from Gaza, indicated that Iran would not let this temporary lull to continue. Military sources disclosed, that the fingerprints of the newly appointed Jihad Islami leader of Palestinian Jihad Islami terrorist ace Muhamed al Hindi were clearly distinct on Monday’s Eilat suicide bombing. Al Hindi returned to the Gaza Strip on January 19 after a six-month absence in Damascus, Beirut and Tehran, during which his Syrian and Iranian masters appointed him chief of the operations. His former boss, Abdallah Ramadan Shelah, who seemed to have lost some favor to his Tehran masters, was a key member of the Palestine delegation, which held recent talks in Damascus last week, presided by Ali Larijani, the secretary general of Iran’s Supreme National Security Council (SNSC).

    Commenting on the seriousness of the escalating inter-Arab situation, a senior official in the court of Jordan’s King Abdullah believes that “a domino effect is beginning to emerge among those who can exercise a veto and are not necessarily interested in resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, but rather in maintaining the political boost that it gives them. Islamic Jihad has a veto over Hamas decisions; Hamas can impose a veto on PA decisions; Damascus also holds a veto, albeit a partial one, over Hamas’ conduct; and meanwhile Iran seeks to hold a vital position in the balance of powers created by the war in Iraq. This is a strategic chess game, led by Tehran, in which Abbas, Shallah and Meshal are only pawns. Israeli intelligence officials warn that the Palestinians themselves are no longer certain that they have the ability to make decisions independently.

    Panoramic Vision for Armored Fighting Vehicles

    A version of the US Army TUSK upgrade kit for the M-1A2 was on display at AUSA 2007. This version is fitted with two Remote Weapon Stations and a second coax machine gun, mounted over the main 120mm gun. To further improve the tank’s performance in asymmetric warfare GD ATP introduced two types of ammunition for the main gun – the M-1028 Canister round and a high explosive round, coproduced with Nammo.

    A stabilized miniature imaging platform was demonstrated by Carl Zeiss Optronics from Germany. The system uses a dual sensor (CCD and an uncooled thermal infrared imager) mounted on a stabilized, swiveling platform optimized for near-field observation. The system has been selected for installation on Leopard 2, modified for Peace Support Operations (PSO), where two systems will be installed on the left and right sides of the turret, providing 360 deg. panoramic coverage for the crew. The system will be provided with an automatic motion detection system providing threat warning. An optional laser rangefinder complements the system, by installation on armored fighting vehicles, offering 360 deg. view. The system’s weight is less than five kilograms therefore facilitating installation anywhere on the vehicle, including on elevated masts. The stabilization enables the crew to view images on the monitor even when the platform is traveling at high speed.

    Watch-6 corner covering camera, developed by BAE Systems. Photo: Noam EshelBAE Systems demonstrated its Watch-6 vehicle perimeter peripheral surveillance system, effectively covering the vehicle’s surroundingfrom positions at the four corners of the vehicle. The sensor includes uncooled thermal and video cameras, for day and night surveillanceunder all visibility conditions. Check-6, a camera integrated into teh vehicle’s headlights and tail lights.

    These cameras are part of Elbit Systems' See-Through-Armor,  providing panoramic, close-in coverage of a vehicle perimeter.  Photo: Noam EshelA different concept of a panoramic vision system was demonstrated by Elbit Systems, introducing the ‘See Through Armor’ (STA), a panoramic observation system which can be embedded into new armor, or installed as ‘add-on’ to existing vehicles, providing the vehicle crews with an omni-directional combat scene seen from within the armored vehicle, when the crew is ‘buttoned in’ with hatches closed. An equally realistic view can be obtained from an unmanned platform. The objective of the system is to improve the crew’s situational awareness under all conditions, including extended ‘silent watch’ missions in areas where close-quarter defense is imperative (including urban areas, jungle etc), where the techniques, tactics and procedures (TTP) dictate maximum force protection with the crew remaining ‘buttoned up’ inside their vehicles for hours. Under such conditions, limited visibility creates ‘dead zones’ attracting attack by hostiles, exploiting the limited visibility by the crew, to hit the vehicle with RPGs or lay down belly-striking explosive charges activated from a distance.

    RAFAEL's Spotlite M gunshot detection system. Photo: RAFAEL.A complimentary sensor that can be applied to panoramic vision is the ‘Spotlite M’ electro-optical fire locator from RAFAEL Defense Systems. The system, unveiled at AUSA 07 provides fully panoramic coverage of the vehicle’s surrounding, with superimposed cueing indicating potential threats based on detection and localization of fire sources, within few seconds from a gunshot or rocket-launch occurrence. RAFAEL plans to complete an integrated vehicular system before year’s end.

    Panoramic vision systems complement remotely operated weapon stations currently installed on many armored combat vehicles. AUSA 2007 was dominated by the Kongsberg Defense’s Protector Remote Weapon Station (RWS), recently selected by the US Army for teh CROWS program. The system provides troops with the ability to acquire and engage targets while travelling inside a vehicle, protected by its armor. It is designed to mount on a variety of vehicle platforms, support weapons such as the Mk19 grenade machine gun with 96 grenades ammunition capacity. The system can also mount a .50 Caliber M2 machine gun with 500 rounds, M240B machine gun with 1,000 rounds and M249 Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW) with 2,000 round capacity. Protector RWS were also demonstrated at AUSA 07 on the M1A2 tank (operated by the commander and loader).

    The sensor suite employs a daytime videoTwo versions of the CROWS Remote weapon Systems installed on an M1A2 tank. Photo: Noam Eshelcamera, thermal camera and laser rangefinder, enabling target engagement under day and night conditions. The system features programmable target reference points for multiple locations, programmable sector surveillance scanning and setting of multiple, restricted no-fire zones. The optronic system enables the gunner to view the target independent of gun elevation. Other features include auto- tracking; auto-lead and auto-scan functions.

    The new Protector succeeded the Raven, developed and produced by Recon Optical, originally produced to meet US Army’s CROWS requirement. The system mount has three-axis stabilization for the weapon and sensor assembly, allowing on-the-move target acquisition and fire-burst target engagement. The system also supports manual emergency backup. Potential enhancement includes the integration of sniper location systems and other weapons. The Protector weighs 305 lbs Close-up view of the compact control unit of the CROWS  RWS system. Photo: Tamir Eshel(unloaded, unarmored) and protrudes 28″ above deck. The system can be folded to reduce height by 10″ on transit.

    The Army may have a requirement for an even lighter remotely controlled weapon mount, designed for vehicles with minimal payload availability such as the HMMWV, as well as heavy trucks. This mount is designed for medium and light weapons such as M240B and M249.

    One candidate for this platform is the ROI Lightning, weighing less than 200 lbs (above the roof), including weapon The LW-25 automatic weapon mounted on an R-200 weapon station. Photo: Noam Esheland ammunition. Lightning is fitted with day and night optics. Also evaluated are the integration of CROWS-Lightning and the PD Cue 4 corner acoustic gunshot detection system, offering complete threat detection and engagement capability. Two additional lightweight weapon stations at AUSA were Rafael’s Samson Junior and Elbit Systems ILAW. The Samson is a lightweight member of the Samson family of RWS, designed specifically for light weapons such as the M240/M249 class weapons.

    Other topics covered in this review:

     

    More Progress with the Future Combat Systems

    Progress was also reported with the US Army Future Combat Systems program, with lead systems integrator Boeing and its partner SAIC completing the Engineering Maturity 1 (EM1) review, a system of systems technical review of the future requirements, designs and tests, capping the program’s first of four major engineering phases. Dennis Muilenburg, vice president-general manager, Boeing Combat Systems and FCS program manager explained that this critical milestone demonstrates that the FCS program has sufficient design maturity to proceed toward the next milestone – the Preliminary Design Review (PDR) scheduled for early 2009. Meeting EM1 on schedule was also an important measure of the team’s technical success as Spin Out 1 capabilities are being delivered for the US Army for testing next year.

    Bradley Fighting Vehicle - technology Demonstrator is a program pursued by BAE Systems, demonstrating how some of the FCS technologies that can be introduced into the current force. Pictured here is an  implementation of warfighter communications and display (using an eyepiece) integrating dismounted troops and armored vehicles, providing the dismounted element full situational awareness supported by the vehicle's mounted sensors. Photo: Noam Esheland EM1 examined initial FCS system designs, functional and performance analyses, software and hardware maturation, Spin Out 1 deliveries, and progress in experimentation and testing since the Initial Preliminary Design Review in August 2006. Final design concepts will be presented during individual system-level Preliminary Design Reviews over the next year and later assessed during the System-of-Systems Preliminary Design Review in early 2009 to confirm they can proceed to final detail design and testing.

    Among these capabilities are the network integration hardware kits, also known as ‘B Kits’, to be installed on Abrams main battle tanks, Bradley armored vehicles and HMMWVs. The kits were delivered to vehicle integrators BAE Systems, General Dynamics Land Systems and AM General, bringing the total number of B-kits delivered to date to 18. Through these interfaces, existing elements of ‘current force’ – heavy and mechanized brigades will be able to communicate and share data with FCS systems. Vehicles equipped with B-kit hardware and software will operate with the Army Evaluation Task Force test and evaluation activities scheduled to begin in early 2008.

    Each B-kit comprises a Ground Platform Communications System which includes a Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) Ground Mobile Radio (GMR) and an Integrated Computer System, running the System of Systems Common Operation Environment (SOSCOE) software and FCS’ standard Battle Command System applications.
    This communications equipment will be able to enhance networking capability to the current force, as well as improving integration with unattended sensors and unmanned ground and aerial systems, deployed in support of current and future combat elements. Muilenburg indicated that the networking systems will be fielded together with tactical- and urban unattended ground sensors (UGS) and the non-line-of-sight launch system.

     prototype of thr MULE load carrier, designed for the Army's FCS program, on display at AUSA 2007. Photo: Noam EshelThe Battle Command and SOSCOE software enables interoperability between systems, prioritizing raw data from sensors such as the Tactical- and Urban-UGS slated for Spin Out 1. It enables data to be displayed on the screens of current force vehicles, providing soldiers with enhanced situational awareness. The software will be integrated seamlessly with the vehicles’ existing software for use in initial qualification and safety release test activities, that are required before soldier testing can begin. A final software release this fall, will enable control and monitoring of multiple UGS fields.

    Among the systems on display at AUSA 07 were parts of the FCS active protection system, developed for the ground vehicle systems (MGS). the system elements on display included – Left: Multifunction Radar Frequency sensor (MFRF), center: Common RF electronics unit (CREU), Back: Mast Mounted Sensor including a Medium range EO (MREO) and Combat ID System and the Transponder Antenna Subsystem (TAS), right: Interrogator Antenna Subsystem (IAS) and Common Electronics Interface unit (CEIU).

    Other topics covered in this review:

    Diehl’s Sky Sphere set to Defeat UAS, OWA Drones Head-On

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